Abstract
Revolutions in the Arab world sparked strong worldwide interest, mainly due to the ease with which long-reigning dictators were renouncing their power (except Syria). However, the shift of power has not made those who led to the overthrow of the tyrants any better off. As the price of freedom seems incalculable, it is difficult to assess unequivocally all the costs of the so-called Arab revolutions: the number of people killed and displaced, changes to the sizes of economies and standards of living, the impact on the immediate neighbors and on the situation in the region. Approximately 50,000 people died in total in the four most violent uprisings in Libya, Egypt, Yemen and Syria (where the uprising continues). In the 2012 edition of the annual Failed States Index issued by Foreign Policy, it was Libya and Syria where the most notable drops were observed (ranking 50th and 23rd respectively) with Yemen „moving up the scale” and being rated 8th in the world. One of the main issues touched upon in the Failed States Index 2012 was the Arab Spring in particular, but the picture painted by its authors turned out to be quite pessimistic and its title: Was the Arab Spring Worth It? does not leave much room for misinterpretation.References
Arab economies. Throwing money at the street, „The Economist”, 10th March 2011.
Balfour R. (2012), Changes and Continuities in EU-Mediterranean Relations after the Arab Spring, w: An Arab Springboard fo r EU Foreign Policy, S. Biscop, R. Balfour, M. Emerson (red.), styczeń, s. 27-37.
Black I. (2011), Qatar admits sending hundreds o f troops to support Libya rebels, „The Guardian”, 26 październik.
Bronner E., Slackman M. (2011), Saudi Troops Enter Bahrain to Help Put Down Unrest, „The New York Times”, 14 marzec, s. A1.
Bronner E., Slackman M. (2011), Saudi Troops Enter Bahrain to Help Put Down Unrest, „The New York Times”, 14 marzec, s. A1.
Bubnova N., Salem P. (2011), Arab Spring: View From Within the Region, „Voenno-Promyshlennyi Kurier”, 1 czerwiec.
Colombo S. (2012), The GCC Countries and the Arab Spring. Between Outreach, Patronage and Repression, Istituto Affari Internazionali, Working Paper 12, marzec, s. 9-12.
Daalder I., Stavridis J. (2011), NATO’s Success in Libya, „The International Herald Tribune”, 31 październik.
Davidson Ch. (2012), Fear and Loathing in the Emirates, 18 wrzesień, http://www.carnegieendowment.org/2012/09/18/fear-and-loathing-in-emirates/dusw (28.09.2012).
Drine I. (2012), Youth Unemployment in the Arab World: What Do We Know? What is the Way Forward?, czerwiec, http://www.wider.unu.edu/publications/newsletter/articles-2012/en_GB/
-07-2012-Drine (24.08.2012).
Gardner D. (2011), Citizens not serfs can save Saudi Arabia, „Financial Times”, 27 luty.
Gladstone R. (2011), U.N. Votes to End Foreign Intervention in Libya, „New York Times”, 27 październik, s. A10.
Gordon M. (2012), Iran’s Master o f Iraq Chaos Still Vexes U.S., „New York Times”, 2 październik, s. A1.
Hendrix S. (2012), For Egypt’s new Islamist government, jobs is first priority, „The Washington Post”, 7 czerwiec.
Hoffman M., Jamal A. (2012), The Youth and the Arab Spring, „Middle East Law and Governance”, (4), s. 168-188.
Ibish H. (2012), Was the Arab Spring Worth It?, „Foreign Policy”, lipiec/sierpień.
Joshi S. (2011), Six lessons from Libya, w: The Arab Spring. Implications for British Policy, Middle East Council, październik, s. 16-19.
Kerr S. (2011), Gamble on Libya pays o ff for Qatar, „Financial Times”, 28 sierpień.
Knickmeyer E. (2011), The Arab World’s Young Army, „Foreign Policy”, styczeń.
Komunikat RB ONZ z 4 lutego 2012: Security Council Fails to Adopt Draft Resolution on Syria as Russia and China veto text supporting Arab Leaude s proposed peace plan, http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2012/sc10536.doc.htm (15.10.2012).
Krause-Jackson F., Gaouette N. (2012), Qatari Leader Calls fo r Arab-Led Intervention in Syria, „Bloomberg Businessweek”, 25 wrzesień.
Libya: Gaddafi must step down, says ‘contact group’, za: BBC, 13 kwiecień 2011.
Mac Farquhar N., Shadid A. (2012), Russia and China Block U.N. Action on Crisis in Syria, „New York Times”, 4 luty, s. A1.
Marcus J. (2011), Why China and Russia rebuffed the West on Syria, za: BBC, 5 październik. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-15180732 (24.11.2012).
Mausher M. (2011), Arab Myths and Realities, The Project Syndicate, 8 marzec, http://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/arab-myths-and-realities (24.08.2012).
Muasher M. (2011), How to Achieve Real Reform in the Arab World, „Washington Post”, 2 luty.
Murphy C. (2011), Saudi Arabia’s King Abdullah promises $36 billion in benefits, „The Christian Science Monitor”, 23 luty.
Norton-Taylor R. (2011), Rogers S., Hopkins N., Arab states play limited role in battle against
Muammar Gaddafi’s regime, „The Guardian”, 22 maj.
Odyssey Dawn, Unified Protector? Here’s what it means..., 28 marzec 2011, http://www.aco.nato.int/page76501852.aspx (25.11.2012).
Qatar to take part in military action over Libya, za: Reuters, 20 marzec 2011.
Rahimi B. (2012), Iran’s Declining Influence in Iraq, „The Washington Quarterly”, zima, s. 25-40.
Resolution 1973 (2011), 17 marzec, http://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=S/RES/1973%282011%29 (23.11.2012).
Roberts D. (2011), Behind Qatar’s Intervention In Libya, „Foreign Affairs”, wrzesień.
Saifl. (2011), Economic Reform in Arab Countries and Escaping from the Trap o f the ‘Middle Income ’ Bracket, „Al-Hayat”, 25 październik.
Saudi Arabia: Free Political Activists. Secret Police Crackdown on Founders of First Political Party, 20 lu ty 2011, Human Rights Watch, http://www.hrw.org/news/2011/02/19/
saudi-arabia-free-political-activists (28.09.2012).
Sherlock R. (2012), Saudi millions and specialforces expertise turn Syria’s rebels into a fightingforce, „The Telegraph”, 21 wrzesień.
Statement by the NATO Secretary General on Libya, 20 październik 2011, http://www.nato.int/cps/en/natolive/news_79742.htm (25.11.2012).
Syria crisis: Qatar calls fo r Arabs to send in troops, za: BBC, 14 styczeń 2012.
Tunesian Islamist in power. Doing well on parole (2012), „The Economist”, 7*11 kwiecień.
Ulrichsen K. (2012), Small States with a Big Role: Qatar and the United Arab Emirates in the Wake of the Arab Spring, październik, http://www.dur.ac.uk/resources/alsabah/SmallStateswithaBigRole.pdf (28.10.2012).
Urlichsen K. (2012), Arab Solutions to Arab Problems?, The Changing Regional Role o f the Gulf States, „Russia in Global Affairs”, 25 marzec.
World Economic Outlook Database, październik 2013, http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2013/02/index.htm (11.11.2013).
Worth R. (2012), Citing U.S. Fears, Arab Allies Limit Syrian Rebel Aid, „New York Times”, 6 październik, s. A1.