Abstract
The aim of the article is an introduction to the understanding of causality in the International Relations. Different conceptualizations of causality determine different approaches to research and knowledge. The article discusses four different ways of understanding the causality inspired by certain philosophies of science: neo-positivism, critical realism, reflectivism and pragmatism. Author selected the philosophies of science that created categories to be helpful to explain and discuss issue relevant to the study of international relations and are present in the works of scholars of International Relations. Consciousness of the importance of the problem causality and the different ways of understanding its can serve as an inspiration for polish researchers of international relations.
References
Bhaskar R. (1978), A Realist Theory of Science, Harvester, Brighton.
Bhaskar R. (1979), The Possibility of Naturalism. A Philosophical Critique of the Contemporary Human Sciences, Humanities Press, Atlantic Highlands.
Bung M. (2009), Causality and Modern Science, Transaction Publishers, New Brunswick.
Campbell D. (1992), Writing Security. United States Foreign Policy and the Politics of Identity, University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis.
Carr E. H. [1961, (1961)], What is History?, Penguin Books, Harmondsworth.
Cox W. R. (1992), Multilateralism and World Order, “Review of International Studies”, vol. 18, no. 2.
Cox W. R. [1996, (1981)], Social forces, states, and world orders: beyond international relations theory, w: Robert W. Cox, Approaches to world order, Cambridge University Press, New York.
Edkins J. (1999), Poststructuralism and International Relations: Bringing the Political Back In, Lynne Rienner, London.
Elman C., Elman M. F. (eds.) (2003), Progress in International Relations. Appraising the Feld, The MIT Press, Cambridge.
Farber H., Gowa J. (1995), Polities and Peace, “International Security”, vol. 20, no. 2.
Friedrichs J., Kratochwil F. (2009), On Acting and Knowing: How Pragmatism Can Advance International Relations Research and Methodology, “International Organization”, vol. 63.
Gałganek A. (2013), Teoria stosunków międzynarodowych a filozofia nauki, „Przegląd Strategiczny”, nr 2.
Hempel C. G. (1942), The Function of General Laws in History, “The Journal of Philosophy”, vol. 39, no. 2.
Hollis M., Smith S. (1990), Explaining and Understanding International Relations, Clarendon Press, Oxford.
Howard P. (2010), Triangulating Debates Within the Field: Teaching International Relations Research Methodology, “International Studies Perspectives”, vol. 11.
Hume D. [1977, (1748)], Badania dotyczące rozumu ludzkiego, PWN, Warszawa.
Jackson P. T. (2011), The Conduct of Inquiry in International Relations. Philosophy of science and its implications for the study of world politics, Routledge, New York.
Kartezjusz (1948), Medytacje o pierwszej filozofii, Polska Akademia Umiejętności, Kraków.
Keohane R. (1988), International Institutions: Two Approaches, “International Studies Quarterly”, vol. 32.
King G., Keohane R. O., Verba S. (1994), Designing Social Inquiry. Scientific Inference in Qualitative Research, Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey.
Kurki M. (2008), Causation in International Relations. Reclaiming Causal Analysis, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Levy J. S. (1988), Domestic Politics and War, “Journal of Interdisciplinary History”, vol. 18, no. 3.
Losse J. (2011), Theories of Causality. From Antiquity to the Present, Transaction Publishers, New Brunswick.
Maoz Z., Russett B. (1993), Normative and Structural Causes of Democratic Peace, 1946–1986, “American Political Science Review”, vol. 87, no. 3.
Monteiro N. P., Ruby K. G. (2009), IR and the false promise of philosophical foundations, „International Theory”, vol. 1, no. 1.
Ned Lebow R. (2014), Constructing Cause in International Relations, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Patomäki H., Wight C. (2000), After Postpositivism? The Promises of Critical Realism, “International Studies Quarterly”, vol. 44, no. 2.
Patomäki H. (2002), After International Relations. Critical realism and the (re)construction of world politics, Routledge, London–New York.
Quine V. W. (1986), Granice wiedzy i inne eseje filozoficzne, PIW, Warszawa.
Scriven M. (1975), Causation as Explanation, “Noûs 9”, nr 1.
Suganami H. (1996), On the Causes of War, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Salmon W. C. (1998), Causality and Explanation, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Smith S. (1995), The Self–Images of a Discipline: a Genealogy of International Relations Theory, w: International Relations Theory Today, eds. K. Booth, S. Smith, Pennsylvania State University Press, Philadelphia.
Waever O. (2009), Waltz’s Theory of Theory, “International Relations”, vol. 23, no. 2.
Waltz K. N. [2010, (1979)], Struktura teorii stosunków międzynarodowych, Wydawnictwo Naukowe Scholar, Warszawa.
Wendt A. (1998), On Constitution and Causation International Relations, “Review of International Studies”, vol. 24, no. 5.
Wendt A. [2008, (1999)], Społeczna teoria stosunków międzynarodowych, Wydawnictwo Naukowe Scholar, Warszawa.
Wight C. (2006), Agents, Structures and International Relations. Politics as Ontology, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Wight C., Joseph J. (2010), Scientific Realism and International Relations, w: Scientific Realism and International Relations, eds. J. Joseph, C. Wight, Palgrave Macmillan, Basingstoke.
Winch P. [1995, (1956)], Idea nauki o społeczeństwie i jej związki z filozofią, Oficyna Naukowa, Warszawa.