Abstract
The aim of this paper is twofold: to highlight the need of combining economic and political perspectives in analyzing sanctions outcomes, and to list and elaborate on challenges connected with uniting these two standpoints and creating cohesive and valid measurement methods. We not only credit this fusion as useful, but necessary to evaluate sanctions’ efficiency and effectiveness. We display these challenges in sanctions’ assessment and measurement by systematizing what we already know about the sanction effectiveness in political science and economics literature and by demonstrating strengths and weaknesses of some already published effectiveness evaluations. The paper is the part of the larger research project that we recently embarked upon with aim to analyze the onset, economic impact and effectiveness of sanctions imposed by the European Union1.
References
Ackoff R. L. (1999), Ackoff’s Best: From Data to Wisdom, John Wiley & Sons, New York, pp. 170–172.
Art R. J., Cronin P. M. (2003), The United States and Coercive Diplomacy, The United States Institute for Peace, Washington.
Bapat N. A., Heineich T., Kobayashi Y., Morgan C. T. (2013), Determinants of Sanctions Effectiveness: Sensitivity Analysis Using New Data, “International Interactions”, vol. 39, no. 1.
Barber J. (1979), Economic sanctions as a policy instrument, “International Affairs”, vol. 55, pp. 367–384.
Carter B. E. (1987), International Economic Sanctions: Improving the Haphazard US Legal Regime, “California Law Review”, vol. 75, no. 4, pp. 1162–1278.
Caruso R. (2003), The Impact of International Economic Sanctions on Trade: An Empirical Analysis, Peace Economics, “Peace Science and Public Policy”, vol. 9, no. 2.
Chenoweth E., Stephan M. J. (2011). Why Civil Resistance Works: The Strategic Logic of Nonviolent Conflict, Columbia University Press.
Cooper A. Drury (1998), Revisiting Economic Sanctions Reconsidered, “Journal of Peace Research”, vol. 35, no. 4/July, pp. 497–509.
Dashti-Gibson J., Davis P., Radcliff B. (1997), On the Determinants of the Success of Economic Sanctions: An Empirical Analysis, “American Journal of Political Science”, vol. 41, no. 2, pp. 608–618.
Doxey M. P. (1971), Economic sanctions and international enforcement, Macmillan, London.
Drezner D. W. (2003), The Hidden Hand of Economic Coercion, “International Organization”, vol. 57, no. 3, pp. 643–659.
Elliott K. A (1998), The Sanctions Glass-Half Full or Completely Empty?, “International Security”, vol. 23, no. 1, pp. 50–65.
Elliott K., Uimonen P. (1993), The Effectiveness of Economic Sanctions with Application to the Case of Iraq, “Japan and the World Economy”, vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 403–409.
Galtung J. (1967), On the Effects of International Economic Sanctions with Examples from the Case of Rhodesia, “World Politics”, vol. 19, no. 3, pp. 378–416.
Hanlon J., Omon R. (1987), The sanctions hand book, New York.
Kaempfer W. H., Lowenberg A. D. (1988), The Theory of International Economic Sanctions: A Public Choice Approach, “American Economic Review”, vol. 78, no. 4, pp. 786–793.
Kaempfer W. H., Lowenberg A. D., Mertens W. (2004), International economic sanctions against a dictator, “Economics and Politics”, vol. 16, pp. 29–51.
Elliott K. A., Hufbauer G. C., Schott J. J. (1990), The Big Squeeze: Why the Sanctions on Iraq Will Work, Outlook Section, “Washington Post”, December 9.
Knorr K. (1975), The Power of Nations: The Political Economy of International Relations, Basic Books, New York.
Lacy D., Niou E. M. S. (2004), A Theory of Economic Sanctions and Issue Linkage: The Roles of Preferences, Information, and Threats, “Journal of Politics”, vol. 66, pp. 25–42.
Lam Peng Er. (2007), Japan’s Quest For “Soft Power”: Attraction and Limitation, “East Asia”, vol. 24, no. 4, pp. 349–363.
Lektzian D., Patterson D. (2015), Political Cleavages and Economic Sanctions: The Economic and Political Winners and Losers of Sanctions, “International Studies Quarterly”, vol. 59, no. 1, pp. 46–58.
Lektzian D., Souva M. (2007), An Institutional Theory of Sanctions Onset and Success, “Journal of Conflict Resolution”, vol. 51, no. 6, pp. 848–871.
Lindsay J. M. (1986), Trade Sanctions As Policy Instruments: A Re-Examination, “International Studies Quarterly”, vol. 30, no. 2, pp. 153–173.
Major S., McGann A. J. (2005), Caught in the crossfire: Innocent bystanders as optimal targets of economic sanctions, “Journal of Conflict Resolution”, no. 49, pp. 337–359.
Marinov N. (2005), Do Economic Sanctions Destabilize Country Leaders?, “American Journal of Political Science”, vol. 49, no. 3.
Martin L. L. (1992), Coercive Cooperation: Explaining Multilateral Sanctions, Princeton University Press, Princeton, N.J.
Nooruddin I. (2002), Modeling Selection Bias in Studies of Sanctions Efficacy, “International Interactions”, vol. 28, no. 1, pp. 59–75.
North D. (1993), The new institutional economics and development, “EconWPA Economic History”, (January), pp. 3–6.
Olson R. S. (1979), Economic coercion in world politics: With a focus on north-south relations, “World Politics” vol. 31, pp. 471–494.
Pape R. (1997), Why Economic Sanctions Do Not Work, “International Security”, vol. 22(2), pp. 90–136.
Peksen D., Drury A. (2010), Coercive or Corrosive: The Negative Impact of Economic Sanctions on Democracy, “International Interactions”, vol. 36, no. 3.
Peksen D., Peterson T. (2016), Sanctions and Alternate Markets, “Political Research Quarterly”, 69, no. 1.
Quinn R. E., Rohrbaugh J. (1983), A Spatial Model of Effectiveness Criteria: Towards a Competing Values Approach to Organizational Analysis, “Management Science”, vol. 29, no. 3, pp. 363–377.
Schimmelfennig F., Scholtz H. (2008), Legacies and Leverage, “European Union Politics”, pp. 187–215.
Shin G., Choi S.-W., Luo S. (2015), Do Economic Sanctions Impair Target Economies?, “International Political Science Review”, doi: 10.1177/0192512115590203.
Shojai S., Root S. P. (2013), Effectiveness Of Economic Sanctions: Empirical Research Revisited, “International Business & Economics Research Journal”, vol. 12, no. 11.
Steers R. M. (1975), Problems in the Measurement of Organizational Effectiveness, “Administrative Science”, vol. 10(4), pp. 546–558.
Thieler R. (2009), Economic Trade Sanctions: A Literature Review (1980–2005), “Executive Journal”, vol. 29, p. 4.
Van Bergeijk P. (1989), Success and Failure of Economic Sanctions, “Kyklos”, vol. 42, no. 3.
Wallensteen P. (1968), Characteristics of economic sanctions, “Journal of Peace Research”, vol. 5, pp. 248–267.
Wallensteen P. (2000), A century of economic sanctions: A field revisited, Uppsala Peace Research Paper no. 1, Department of Peace and Conflict Research, Uppsala University, Sweden.