Abstrakt
Mechanizmy partycypacyjne rozwinęły się jako próba ograniczenia praktyk miejskich, które tworzą nierówności społeczne w wielu miastach. W odpowiedzi na to wyzwanie również w Polsce pojawiły się różnorodne instrumenty partycypacyjne. Minęło ponad dziesięć lat odkąd jeden z takich instrumentów, budżet obywatelski (BO) został wprowadzony w 2014 r. w sześciu największych polskich miastach. Niniejszy artykuł ma na celu przeanalizowanie, w jakim stopniu BO został wdrożony w największych polskich ośrodkach i czy jest on odporny na globalne zagrożenia, takie jak pandemia COVID-19 i wojna na Ukrainie. Analiza empiryczna oparta na badaniach ankietowych i danych zastanych potwierdza, że zaangażowanie mieszkańców w BO jest w dużej mierze stymulowane szeregiem nagłych zwrotów w polityce lokalnej i globalnej. Czynniki wywołujące partycypację odnoszą się do ważnych wydarzeń w życiu politycznym miast. Z kolei determinanty ograniczające zaangażowanie w BO, wynikają nie tylko z wewnętrznych barier, ale także z zagrożeń w polityce globalnej, które zmniejszają zainteresowanie sprawami lokalnymi.
Finansowanie
Grant nr 2016/20/S/HS5/00072 przyznany przez Narodowe Centrum Nauki (NCN).
Bibliografia
Abers R. (2000), Inventing Local Democracy: Grassroots Politics in Brazil, Lynne Rienner, Boulder, CO. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/9781626371378
Baldersheim H., Kersting N. (2012), The wired city: A new face of power? A citizen perspective, in: The Oxford Handbook of Urban Politics, eds. K. Mossberger, S. E. Clarke, J. Peter, Oxford University Press, pp. 590–606. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195367867.013.0029
Baoicchi G., Ganuza E. (2014), Participatory Budgeting as if Emancipation Mattered, “Politics & Society”, 42(1), pp. 29–50. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0032329213512978
Bartocci L., Grossi G., Mauro S. G., Ebdon C. (2022), The journey of participatory budgeting: a systematic literature review and future research directions, “International Review of Administrative Sciences”, 89(3), pp. 757–774. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/00208523221078938
Biggs S. (1995), Participatory Technology Development: A Critique of the New Orthodoxy, Olive Information Service, AVOCADO series 06/95, Durban.
Bryson J. M., Quick K. S., Slotterback C. S, Crosby B. C. (2013), Designing Public Participation Processes, “Public Administration Review”, 73(1), pp. 23–34. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6210.2012.02678.x
Cleaver F. (1999), Paradoxes of Participation: Questioning Participatory Approaches to Development, “Journal of International Development”, 11, pp. 597–612. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1328(199906)11:4<597::AID-JID610>3.0.CO;2-Q
Cabannes Y. (2019), The contribution of participatory budgeting to the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals: lessons for policy in Commonwealth countries, “Commonwealth Journal of Local Governance”, 21, pp. 1–19. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5130/cjlg.v0i21.6707
Cooke B., Kothari U. (2001), Participation: the New Tyranny?, Zed Books, London.
Curato N., Dryzek J. S., Ercan S. A., Hendriks C. M., Niemeyer S. (2017), Twelve Key Findings in Deliberative Democracy Research, “Deadalus”, 146(3), pp. 28–38. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1162/DAED_a_00444
Davidson M., Martin D. (2014), Thinking critically about urban politics, in: Urban Politics. Critical Approaches, eds. M. Davidson, D. Martin, Sage, pp. 1–14. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4135/9781526402158.n1
Didkowska J. A., Barańska K., Wojciechowska U., Tyczyński J. E. (2022), War in Ukraine creates challenges for the cancer care system in Poland, “The Lancet Oncology”, 23(10), pp. 1239–1240. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(22)00384-9
Dudley E. (1993), The Critical Villager: Beyond Community Participation, Routledge, London. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203311707
Duszczyk M., Górny A., Kaczmarczyk P., Kubisiak A. (2023), War refugees from Ukraine in Poland – one year after the Russian aggression. Socioeconomic consequences and challenges, “Regional Science Policy & Practice”, 15(1), pp. 181–200. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/rsp3.12642
Font J., Galais C. (2011), The qualities of local participation. The explanatory role of ideology, external support and civil society as organizer, “International Journal of Urban and Regional Research”, 35(5), pp. 932–948. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2427.2011.01018.x
Górczyńska M. (2018), Mechanisms of property ownership change and social change in inner-city Warsaw (Poland), “Urban Studies”, 55(3), pp. 2803–2820. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098017730006
Górczyńska M. (2017), Gentrifiers in the post-socialist city? A critical reflection on the dynamics of middle- and upper-class professional groups in Warsaw, “Environment and Planning A”, 49(5), pp. 1099–1121. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0308518X16688218
Statistics Poland (2022), Support granted by households to the inhabitants of Ukraine in the first half of 2022 on the basis of results of the Household Budget Survey, https://stat.gov.pl/en/, 15.03.2025.
Koch F., Steiner L. M. S. (2016), Participation without Power: The Failure of Citizen Participation in Barranquilla, “Latin American Perspectives”, 44(2), pp. 168–183. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0094582X16668312
Kusiak J. (2019), Rule of Law and Rules-Lawyering: Legal Corruption and ‘Reprivatization Business’ in Warsaw, “International Journal of Urban and Regional Research”, 43(3), pp. 589–596. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2427.12702
Lee D., Min S. (2023), Participatory budgeting and the pattern of local government spending: Evidence from South Korea, “European Journal of Political Economy”, 76, pp. 102235. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2022.102235
Marcuse P. (2009), From critical urban theory to the right to the city, “City”, 13(2–3), pp. 185–197. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13604810902982177
Matamanda A. R., Chinozvina Q. L. (2020), Driving forces of citizen participation in urban development practice in Harare, Zimbabwe, “Land Use Policy”, 99, p. 105090. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2020.105090
Mergler L., Pobłocki K., Wudarski M. (2013), Anty-Bezradnik przestrzenny: prawo do miasta w działaniu [Spatial Anti-Helplessness Guide: Right to the City in Action], Res Publica Nova, Warszawa.
Nared J. (2020), Participatory Transport Planning: The Experience of Eight European Metropolitan Regions, in: Participatory Research and Planning in Practice, eds. J. Nared, D. Bole, The Urban Series Book, Springer. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-28014-7
Oliver J. E. (2000), City Size and Civic Involvement in Metropolitan Areas, “American Political Science Review”, 94(2), pp. 361–373. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2586017
Ossowski Sz. (2017), A Civic Budget as a form of civil participation, or an institutional PR tool. The Civic Budget in the City of Poznań, “Przegląd Politologiczny”, 4, pp. 145–158.
Pateman C. (2012), Participatory Democracy Revisited, “Perspectives on Politics”, 10(11), pp. 7–19. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S1537592711004877
Piotrowski G., Lundstedt M. (2016), Right-to-the-city movements in Poland: a new opening for grassroots mobilizations?, in: Social Movements in Central and Eastern Europe: a renewal of protests and democracy, 2nd edition, eds. G. Players, I. N. Sava, Editura Universităţii din Bucureşti, Bucharest.
Poljak Istenič S., Kozina J. (2020), Participatory Planning in a Post-socialist Urban Context: Experience from Five Cities in Central and Eastern Europe, in: Participatory Research and Planning in Practice, eds. J. Nared, D. Bole, The Urban Book Series, Springer, pp. 31–50. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-28014-7_3
Rahimi F., Talebi Bezmin Abadi A. (2022), The Ukrainian refugee crisis and the COVID-19 pandemic in Europe, “International Journal of Surgery”, 102, pp. 106671. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsu.2022.106671
Saguin K. (2018), Why the poor do not benefit from community-driven development: Lessons from participatory budgeting, “World Development”, 112, pp. 220–232. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2018.08.009
Shapiro I. (2017), Collusion in Restraint of Democracy: Against Political Deliberation, “Daedalus”, 146, pp. 77–84. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1162/DAED_a_00448
Sintomer Y., Herzberg C., Röcke A., Allegretti G. (2012), Transnational Models of Citizen Participation: The Case of Participatory Budgeting, “Journal of Public Deliberation”, 8(2), http://www.publicdeliberation.net/jpd/vol8/iss2/art9, 25.03.2019. DOI: https://doi.org/10.16997/jdd.141
Smętkowski M., Celińska-Janowicz D., Romańczyk K. (2020), Metropolitan areas in Poland as a challenge for urban agenda at different territorial levels, in: Foregrounding Urban Agendas, eds. S. Armondi, S. De Gregorio Hurtado, Springer, Cham, pp. 139–163. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-29073-3_7
Soukop M., Šaradín P., Zapletalová M. (2021), Participatory Budgeting: Case Study of Possible Causes of Failures, “Slovak Journal of Political Sciences”, 21(2), pp. 139–160. DOI: https://doi.org/10.34135/sjps.210202
Spiegel P. B. (2022), Are the health systems of EU countries hosting Ukrainian refugees ready to adapt?, “The Lancet Healthy Longevity”, 3(10), pp. e639–e640. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S2666-7568(22)00197-0
Swapan M. S. H. (2014), Realities of community participation in metropolitan planning in Bangladesh: a comparative study of citizens and planning practitioners’ perceptions, “Habitat Int”, 43, pp. 191–197. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2014.03.004
Touchton M., McNulty S., Wampler B. (2023), Participatory Budgeting and Community Development: A Global Perspective, “American Behavioral Scientist”, 67(4), pp. 520–536. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/00027642221086957
Trojanek R., Gluszak M. (2022), Short-run impact of the Ukrainian refugee crisis on the housing market in Poland, “Finance Research Letters”, 50, p. 103236. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.frl.2022.103236
Union of Polish Metropolises (2022), Neighbourly Help. Residents of the 12 Largest Polish Cities on Helping Refugees from Ukraine. A Survey Report, https://metropolie.pl/, 15.03.2025.
Quick K. S., Bryson J. M. (2016), Public Participation, in: Handbook on Theories of Governance, eds. Ch. Ansell, J. Torfing, Elgar, pp. 158–169. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4337/9781782548508.00022
Wan P. (2018), Outsourcing participatory democracy: Critical reflections on the participatory budgeting experiences in Taiwan, “Journal of Public Deliberation”, 14(1). DOI: https://doi.org/10.16997/jdd.297
Licencja
Prawa autorskie (c) 2025 Katarzyna Romańczyk
Utwór dostępny jest na licencji Creative Commons Uznanie autorstwa – Na tych samych warunkach 4.0 Miedzynarodowe.