Słowa kluczowe
Inicjatywa Trójmorza
wymiana handlowa
Europa Środkowo-Wschodnia
3SI
Jak cytować
Abstrakt
XXI wiek przyniósł duże zmiany zarówno w Europie Środkowo-Wschodniej (CEE), jak i na Bliskim Wschodzie, w którym Zjednoczone Emiraty Arabskie demonstrują wolę odgrywania roli lidera wielu inicjatyw na arenie międzynarodowej. Natomiast w 2016 roku 12 państw CEE zainaugurowały Inicjatywę Trójmorza (3SI) służącą realizacji strategicznych gospodarczych projektów w celu adaptacji do nowych wyzwań międzynarodowych. Celem pracy jest znalezienie odpowiedzi na pytanie badawcze jaka jest rola Wspólnych Komitetów i ich znaczenie dla relacji pomiędzy państwami Inicjatywy Trójmorza a Zjednoczonymi Emiratami Arabskimi? Aby zrealizować wyznaczony cel badawczy, zostały zastosowane metody ilościowe, jak i jakościowe, biorąc pod uwagę ilościowy potencjał siły analizowanych państw do adaptacji do środowiska międzynarodowego, jak i oddziaływania na innych aktorów. Następnie, dokonano analizy porównawczej w aspekcie przeprowadzonych sesji J(E)C oraz wizyt najwyższego szczebla, tendencji wymiany handlowej. Wyniki badania ukazują, że do osiągnięcia strategicznego poziomu relacji jest najważniejsza wola polityczna oraz stosowna strategia. Jednak, państwom o dużym potencjale, dla stabilnego rozwoju współpracy gospodarczej nie jest konieczne J(E)C. Rezultat badań wskazuje na rolę i pozycję Austrii w energetycznym strategicznym partnerstwie z ZEA, zaś Rumunię w wymiarze transportowym. Natomiast, w sposób naturalny Polska łącząca oba szlaki strategiczne, jawi się jako gospodarczy hub.
Bibliografia
Adler E., Pouliot V. (2011), International practices, “International Theory”, Vol. 3, No. 1. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S175297191000031X
AlGhoul R., Esmail E. (2022), UAE leaders greet President of Latvia on National Day, “Emirates News Agency”, https://www.wam.ae/en/details/1395303103278 (7 November 2022).
Bashir H. (2021), Slovakia unveils its first hydrogen car at Expo 2020, highlighting its sustainability strategy, “Emirates News Agency”, https://www.wam.ae/en/details/1395302981329 (4 June 2022).
Bourdieu P. (2004), Science of science and reflexivity, University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
Breuning M. (2007), Foreign Policy Analysis. A Comparative Introduction, New York. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230609242
Broka S. (2021), Latvia in the Middle East: Between pragmatism and challenges, in: Latvian Foreign and Security Policy: Yearbook, (eds.) A. Sprūds, S. Broka, Latvian Institute of International Affairs, Riga.
Bueger C., Gadinger F. (2014), International practice theory: New perspectives, Palgrave Macmillan, Basingstoke. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137395535
Conway M., Feigert F. (1987), Political Analysis: An Introduction, Allyn and Bacon, Boston.
Gerner D. J. (1991), Foreign Policy Analysis: Renaissance, Routine or Rubbish, in: Political Science: Looking to the Future, (ed.) W. Crotty, North Western University Press, Evanston.
Government of Dubai (2021), Maktoum bin Mohammed meets with Slovak Prime Minister at Expo 2020, https://mediaoffice.ae/en/news/2021/October/16-10/Maktoum-bin-Mohammed-meets-with-Slovak-Prime-Minister-at-Expo-2020 (14 September 2022).
Government of Dubai (2022), Al Tayer explores cooperation with Estonian Minister of Technology, https://mediaoffice.ae/en/news/2022/Jan/20-01/Al-Tayer-explores-cooperation-with-Estonian-Minister-of-Technology (17 October 2022).
Górka M. (2018), The Three Seas Initiative as a Political Challenge for the Countries of Central and Eastern Europe, “Politics Cent. Eur”, Vol. 14. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/pce-2018-0018
Gudo P. (2022), UAE President receives Romanian Prime Minister. The Diplomatic Insight, https://thediplomaticinsight.com/uae-president-receives-romanian-prime-minister/ (7 October 2022).
Gulf Business (2022), UAE and Hungary launch economic cooperation programme, https://gulfbusiness.com/uae-and-hungary-launch-economic-cooperation-programme/ (4 September 2022).
Hatem M., Khoder N. (2022), UAE, Bulgarian Presidents review strengthening relations, “Emirates News Agency”, http://wam.ae/en/details/1395303079725 (15 October 2022).
Hudson V. M. (2007), Foreign Policy Analysis. Classical and Contemporary Theory, Lanham.
Hyndle-Hussein J. (2020), Litwa: profl rządu Ingridy Šimonytė, “Ośrodek Studiów Wschodnich”, https:// www.osw.waw.pl/pl/publikacje/analizy/2020-12-16/litwa-profl-rzadu-ingridy-simonyte (18 August 2022).
Ibrahim L. (2022), Abdullah bin Zayed receives Lithuanian FM in Abu Dhabi, “Emirates News Agency”, https://wam.ae/en/details/1395303098628 (14 October 2022).
Ismail E.; Alghoul R. (2022), UAE, Latvia launch six-track economic cooperation programme, Emirates News Agency, https://www.wam.ae/en/details/1395303026254 (17 November 2022).
Jackson R.; Sorensen G. (2006), Introduction to International Relations: Theories and Approaches, third ed. OUP, Oxford.
Keohane N. (2012), Thinking about Leadership, Princeton University Press, Princeton.
Krzymowski A. (2022), Energy Transformation and the UAE Green Economy: Trade Exchange and Relations with Three Seas Initiative Countries, “Energies”, Vol. 15. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/en15228410
Krzymowski A. (2020b), The importance of Ukraine’s political and economic relationship with the United Arab Emirates for the Lublin Triangle, “Economic Annals-XXI”, Vol. 7–8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21003/ea.V184-02
Krzymowski A. (2020a), The Significance of the Black Sea Countries of the Three Seas Initiative Relations with the United Arab Emirates, “Online J. Model. New Eur”, Vol. 34. DOI: https://doi.org/10.24193/OJMNE.2020.34.04
Krzymowski A. (2021a), The Three Seas Initiative and the Graz Triangle Relations Towards the United Arab Emirates Relations, “Croat. Political Sci. Rev.”, Vol. 58. DOI: https://doi.org/10.20901/pm.58.4.04
Krzymowski A. (2021b), The Weimar Triangle: France, Germany, Poland in the Middle East. United Arab Emirates Perspective, “Przegląd Strategiczny”, Vol. 14. DOI: https://doi.org/10.14746/ps.2021.1.7
Krzymowski A. (2021c), The Visegrad Group countries: The United Arab Emirates Perspective, “Politics Cent. Eur.”, Vol. 17. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/pce-2021-0005
Krzymowski A. (2021d), The Baltic Sea Countries of the Three Seas Initiative Creative Relations with the United Arab Emirates, “Creat. Stud.”, Vol. 15. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3846/cs.2022.13867
Krzymowski A. (2023), Western Balkans Geopolitical Significance: The United Arab Emirate’s Perspective, “Balkan Social Science Review”, Vol. 21(21). DOI: https://doi.org/10.46763/BSSR2321167k
Kurečić P. (2018), The Three Seas Initiative: geographical determinants, geopolitical foundations, and prospective challenges, “Hrvatski geografski glasnik”, Vol. 80, No. 1. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21861/HGG.2018.80.01.05
Mandaci N.; Karacalarli R. E. (2017), Gulf Region and Western Balkans: A Current History of Interregional Relations, “DEU Journal of GSSS”, Vol. 19, No. 3. DOI: https://doi.org/10.16953/deusosbil.288136
Nekrašas E. (2011), Refleksje nad litewską polityką zagraniczną, „Politeja”, Vol. 16.
Pouliot V. (2007), “Sobjectivism”: Toward a constructivist methodology, “International Studies Quarterly”, Vol. 51, No. 2. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2478.2007.00455.x
Raik K. (2020), Estonia in the UN Security Council: The importance and limits of European Cooperation, International Centre for Defence and Security, https://icds.ee/en/estonia-in-the-un-security-council-the-importance-and-limits-of-european-cooperation/ (15 November 2022).
Repetowicz W. (2017), Trump w Polsce: Trójmorze a Bliski Wschód, https://www.defence24.pl/trump-w-polsce-trojmorze-a-bliski-wschod-analiza (17 June 2022).
Romanian Ministry of Foreign Affairs (2022), Press Release, https://www.mae.ro/en/node/58950#:~:text=Romania’s%20Minister%20of%20Foreign%20Affairs,Arab%20Emirates%20on%20June%2022%2C (4 October 2022).
Rosenau J. (1981), The Study of Political Adaptation, Nichols, London–Pinter–New York.
Rostoks T. (2020), Global processes and Latvian foreign policy in 2019, in: Latvian Foreign and Security Policy: Yearbook, (eds.) A. Sprūds, S. Broka, Latvian Institute of International Affairs, Riga.
Sadecki A. (2013), Perspektywy współpracy Chorwacji z Grupą Wyszehradzką, „Komentarze OSW”, https://www.osw.waw.pl/pl/publikacje/komentarze-osw/2013-10-03/perspektywy-wspolpracy-chorwacji-z-grupa-wyszehradzka (17 October 2022).
Saleh A., Ibrahim L. (2022), UAE President, Austrian Chancellor witness signing of Strategic Energy Security and Industrial Cooperation Partnership, “Emirates News Agency”, http://wam.ae/en/details/1395303095555 (7 November 2022).
Smith S. (1983), Foreign Policy Analysis. British and American Orientations and Methodologies, “Political Studies”, Vol. 31. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9248.1983.tb01353.x
Smith S. (1986), Theories of Foreign Policy: An Historical Overview, “Review of International Studies”, Vol. 12, No. 1. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S026021050011410X
Snyder R. C., Bruck H. W., Sapin B. (1962), Foreign policy decision-making: An approach to the study of international politics, Free Press of Glencoe.
Sprout H., Sprout M. (1956), Man-Milieu Relationship Hypotheses in the Context of International Politics, Center of International Studies, Princeton.
Turner S. (1994), The social theory of practices: Tradition, tacit knowledge, and presuppositions, University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
UAE Ministry of Economy (2022a), UAE and Poland approve a new economic collaboration program, https://www.moec.gov.ae/en/-/uae-and-poland-approve-a-new-economic-collaboration-program (17 October 2022).
UAE Ministry of Economy (2022b), UAE & Czech Republic sign collaboration agreement to establish Joint Economic Committee; announces new era of partnership, https://www.moec.gov.ae/en/-/uae-czech-republic-sign-collaboration-agreement-to-establish-joint-economic-committee-announces-new-era-of-partnership (14 July 2022).
UAE Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation (2021a), UAE, Austria issue Joint Declaration on Comprehensive Strategic Partnership, https://www.mofaic.gov.ae/en/mediahub/news/2021/7/30/30-07-2021-uae-partnership (5 October 2022).
UAE Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation (2021b), H.H. Sheikh Abdullah bin Zayed receives Slovak FM, https://www.mofaic.gov.ae/en/mediahub/news/2021/11/13/13-11-2021-uae-slovakia (14 June 2022).
UAE Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation (2021c), UAE Foreign Minister receives Prime Minister of Lithuania at Expo 2020, https://www.mofaic.gov.ae/en/mediahub/news/2021/10/23/23-10-2021-uae-minister (11 October 2022).
UAE Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation (2022a), H.H. Sheikh Abdullah bin Zayed, Polish counterpart meet in Warsaw, https://www.mofaic.gov.ae/en/mediahub/news/2022/5/27/27-05-2022-uae-minister (5 September 2022).
UAE Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation (2022b), His Highness Sheikh Mohamed bin Zayed, Slovak President discuss bilateral ties, https://www.mofaic.gov.ae/en/mediahub/news/2022/1/28/28-01-2022-uae-slovak (17 June 2022).
UAE Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation (2022c), H.H. Sheikh Abdullah bin Zayed meets Estonian counterpart at Expo 2020 Dubai, https://www.mofaic.gov.ae/en/mediahub/news/2022/1/20/20-01-2022-uae-estonia (18 October 2022).
UAE Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation (2022d), H.H. Sheikh Abdullah bin Zayed meets with Estonian President at Expo 2020 Dubai, https://www.mofaic.gov.ae/en/mediahub/news/2022/3/22/22-03-2022-uae-estonia (11 October 2022).
UAE Ministry of Industry & Advanced Technology (2021), UAE Ministry of Industry and Advanced Technology welcomes Estonian delegation to Abu Dhabi for talks aimed at enhancing growth in priority future sectors, https://moiat.gov.ae/en/media-center/news/2021/09/22/estonia-explore-joint-opportunities-in-advanced-industries (17 October 2022).
Walker S. (ed.) (1987), Role Theory and Foreign Policy Analysis, Durham.
Zbińkowski G. (2019), The Three Seas Initiative and its Economic and Geopolitical Effect on the European Union and Central and Eastern Europe, “Comparative Economic Research. Central and Eastern Europe”, Vol. 22, No. 2. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/cer-2019-0015
Licencja
Prawa autorskie (c) 2023 Adam Krzymowski
Utwór dostępny jest na licencji Creative Commons Uznanie autorstwa 4.0 Międzynarodowe.
Teksty opublikowane na łamach czasopisma "Przegląd Strategiczny" i udostępniane w formacie PDF objęte są licencją CC BY 4.0 (Creative Commons - Uznanie autorstwa). Kopiowanie i rozpowszechnianie dozwolone jest pod warunkiem uznania autorstwa.