Abstract
The purpose of this article is to analyze the most important sources and manifestations of Islamic radicalism in Europe. In order to achieve this aim the historical and the ideological determinants of the development of this phenomenon have been presented, followed by identification of the main stages of the evolution of jihadist threats and actors affecting its evolution. In that respect main argument of this article is that the jihadist threat to the security of selected European countries has relatively increased in the last few years and is dependent of the following issues: the process of radicalization of Muslim communities in Europe, changes in tactics and organization of jihadi groups, the success of the recruitment process and anti-terrorist activity of Western countries.References
Atwan A. B. (2008), The Secret History of al Qaeda, Berkeley – Los Angeles
Brachman J. M. (2009), Global Jihadism. Theory and practice, London – New York.
Brandon J. (2011), The Decline of Jihadist Activity in the United Kingdom, “CTC Sentinel” October, Vol. 4, Issue 10.
Brandon J., Vidino L. (2012), European Experiences in Counterradicalization, „CTC Sentinel”, Vol. 5, Issue 6.
Bunt G. R. (2003), Islam in the Digital Age. E-Jihad, Online Fatwas and Cyber Islamic Environments, Pluto Press, London-Sterling.
Egarton F. (2011), Jihad in the West. The Rise of Militant Salafism, Cambridge.
Gerwehr S., Daly S. (2006) Al-Qaida: Terrorist Selection and Recruitment, w: The McGraw-Hill Homeland Security Handbook, (ed.) D. Kamien, McGraw-Hill, New York.
Global Salafism. Islam’s New Religious Movement (2009), (ed.) R. Meijer, New York.
Gohel S. M. (2011), Germany Increasingly a Center for Terrorism in Europe, „CTC Sentinel” Vol. 4, Issue 8.
Gunaratna R. (2003), Inside al Qaeda. Global Network of Terror, Berkley Books, New York.
Huband M. (2010), Radicalization and recruitment in Europe, w: Understanding Violent Radicalization. Terrorist and Jihadist Movements in Europe, (ed.) M. Ranstorp, Abingdon.
Khosrokhavar F. (2009), Inside Jihadism. Understanding Jihadi Movements Worldwide, Boulder – London.
Korteweg R., Gohel S., Heisbourg F., Ranstorp M., de Wijk R. (2010), Background contributing factors to terrorism. Radicalization and recruitment, w: Understanding Violent Radicalization. Terrorist and Jihadist Movements in Europe, (ed.) M. Ranstorp, Abingdon.
Nesser P. (2008), How did Europe’s Global Jihadis Obtain Training for their Militant Causes?, „Terrorism and Political Violence”, Vol. 20, Issue 2.
Nesser P. (2010), Joining jihadi terrorist cells in Europe, w: Understanding Violent Radicalization. Terrorist and Jihadist Movements in Europe, (ed.) M. Ranstorp, Abingdon.
Nesser P. (2012), Individual Jihadist Operations in Europe: Patterns and Challenges, “CTC Sentinel” Vol. 5, Issue 1.
Neumann P. R. (2008), Joining Al-Qaeda. Jihadist Recruitment in Europe, Adelphi Paper 399, London-New York.
Pargeter A. (2008), The New Frontiers of Jihad. Radical Islam in Europe, University of Pensylvania Press, Philadelphia.
Renard T. (2008), Europol Reveals Trends in Jihadi Terrorism in Europe, „Terrorism Monitor” Vol. VI, Issue 9.
Roy O (2004), Globalized Islam. The Search for a New Ummah, New York 2004.
Sageman M. (2004), Understanding Terror Networks, Philadeplhia.
Al-Shishani, M. B. (2011), Understanding Strategic Change in al-Qaeda’s Central Leadership after bin Laden, “Terrorism Monitor” Vol. IX , Issue 23.
Silber M. D. (2011), Al-Q’aida’s Center of Gravity in a Post-Bin Ladin World, “CTC Sentinel” Vol. 4, Issue 11 – 12.
Vidino L. (2007), Current Trends in Jihadi Networks in Europe, „Terrorism Monitor” Vol. V, Issue 20.
Vidino L (2013), The Evolution of Jihadism in Italy: Rise in Homegrown Radicals, „CTC Sentinel” Vol. 6, Issue 11–12.
Wejkszner A. (2010), Ewolucja terroryzmu motywowanego ideologią religijną na przykładzie salafickiego ruchu globalnego dżihadu, Poznań.
Wejkszner A. (2012), The Era of Network Terrorism. The Evolution of the Organisational Structure of the Global Salafi Jihad Movement at the Beginning of the Twenty-First Century, “Przegląd Strategiczny” Vol. II, No. 2.
Wojciechowski S. (2013a), The Hybridity of Terrorism. Understanding Contemporary Terrorism, Berlin.
Wojciechowski S. (2013b), Terroryzm na początku XXI wieku. Pojęcie. Przejawy. Przyczyny, Poznań.
License
Articles published in "Przegląd Strategiczny" are distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0. License (CC BY 4.0). They may be copied, redistributed and shared only if appropriate credit is given.