Abstract
The article describes the situation of the Jewish minority after establishing the Principality of Bulgaria in 1879. The situation of the Jewish minority and other ethnic and religious groups in the country was heavily dependent on the authorities and different governments aiming at the achievement of the national ideals of Bulgaria – the creation of an ethically solid and territorially united state in the Balkans. These goals influenced the Bulgarian policy towards Jewish and other minorities in the country, especially between 1882-1883 and 1884-1886, when pro-Russian politicians run the government. The Jews in the Principality worked mostly as small merchants and craftsmen, so even though they were considered to be wealthy their situation did not differ from the situation of the Bulgarian population of the country. Generally, the minority was deprived of the possibility of achieving high official and administration posts, as well as high military ranks in the army, even after the participation of the Jews in the Serbo-Bulgarian war in 1885. The education and the level of development of the Jewish culture in the country were also very low. Jewish schools were financially subsidized by international organisations, especially the Alliance Israelite Universelle, but the local communities still lacked money for teachers and proper buildings. Jewish theatres and newspapers were also underfunded, that is why the first Jewish newspaper appeared in the country only in 1893. In conclusion, therefore, it seems that the situation of the Jews in the Principality of Bulgaria was not particularly bad, especially when we take into consideration the level of anti-Semitism in neighbouring Romania. The Jews were satisfied with the conditions of living in Bulgaria, and they supported the national goals of the country, such as the unification of the Principality with the province of Eastern Roumelia in 1885.References
Affaires d’Orient. Congrès de Berlin 1878, Imprimerie Nationale, Paris 1878.
Aronson Michael, Troubled waters. The origins of the 1881 Anti-Jewish pogroms in Russia, University of Pittsburgh Press, Pittsburgh 1990.
A Sephardi life in Southeastern Europe. The autobiography and journal of Gabriel Arié, 1863–1939, red. Esther Benbassa, Aron Rodrigue, University of Washington Press, Seattle–London 1998.
Bigart Jacques, The Alliance Israélite Universelle, “American Jewish Year Book”, 1901, nr 2, s. 45-66.
Ботушаров Христо, Софийските евреи през 1878–1885 г., „Годишник ОКПОЕ”, 1988, t. 23, s. 99-118. Генов Румен, Дизраели, еврейството и антисемитизъм в България, http://dialogueeurope.org/uploads/JewsCol/Panel101.pdf [dostęp: 03. 02. 2016], s. 24-34.
„Bulletin de l’Alliance Israélite Universelle”, 1885–1886, nr 10, s. 22-23. Documents diplomatiques.
Цвятков Николай, Просветното дело сред българските евреи в края на XIX и началото на XX век, „Годишник ОКПОЕ”, 1980, t. 15, s. 113-126.
Декало Феня, Началото на ционистическия печат в България (Проблеми и теми в 5 водещи ционистически издания в България в края на XIX и началото на XX век), „Мабат”, 2005, nr 1, s. 74-81. 56 S.
Erdic Jean, En Bulgarie et en Roumélie, Mai–Juin 1884, Imprimerie Emile Colin à Saint-Germain, Paris 1884.
Ешкенази Ели, Освобождението на България и българските евреи (Създаването на равинския институт), „Годишник ОКПОЕ”, 1979, t. 14, s. 27-32.
Fabrikant Adolf, The Ashkenazic Presence in Bulgaria, Part III. The Contribution of The Ashkenazim to The General Life of The Country, “Annual”, 1995, t. 28, s. 77-119.
Gelber Nathan Michael, Jewish life in Bulgaria, „Jewish Social Studies”, 1946, t. 8, nr 2, s. 103-126.
Гешева Йорданка, Режимът на пълномощията – своеобразна форма на управление на държавата (1881–1883 г.), w: Eadem, Консерваторите, партията, личностите и изграждане на българската държава 1879–1886 г., изд. къща Дио Мира, София 2013, s. 231-247.
Илел Йосиф, Българските евреи във войните на България (1885, 1912–1913 и 1915–1918), „Годишник ОКПОЕ”, 1987, t. 22, s. 139-206.
Илел Йосиф, Евреи-офицери във войните на България 1885, 1912–1913, 1915–1918, „Годишник ОКПОЕ”, 2004, t. 31, s. 103-125.
Ilel Josif, The Bulgarian Jews – the factor in the struggle for their own survival from the Holocaust. Why did the Bulgarians save the Jews in Bulgaria?, w: Vladimir Paounovski, Josif Ilel, The Jews in Bulgaria between the Holocaust and the Rescue, Adasa-Press, Sofia 2000, s. 163-200.
Илиев Атанас, Старозагорский окръг в народоикономическо отношение, Стара Загора 1885. Cyt. za: Евреите по българските земи. Анотирана библиография, съст. Жак Ескенази, Алфред Криспин, изд. IMIR, София 2002, s. 236.
Изпълнен отечествен дълг. Въспометалетен сборник посветен на българските евреи участвували във войните, Печатница Т. Драгиевъ и синъ, София 1939.
Калев Аструк, Данни относно демографското положение на българските евреи (1887–1940), „Годишник ОКПОЕ”, 1981, t. 16, s. 99-112.
Ково Йосеф, Евреите от Русе – между изтока и запада, „Мабат”, 2006, nr 2, s. 89-93.
Коен Давид, Българските евреи по време на Освобождението от турско владичество, w: Idem, Евреите в България (1878–1949). Студии, изд. Факел – Леонидови, София 2008, s. 12-25.
Коен Давид, Сефардските общини в България (1878–1944 г.), w: Idem, Евреите в България (1878– 1949). Студии, изд. Факел – Леонидови, София 2008, s. 56-104.
Кьосо Алберт, „Макаби” и еврейският спорт в България, „Вестник на вестниците”, 5 април 1936, бр. 50, s. 30.
Kulenska Victoria, The Antisemitic Press in Bulgaria at the End of the 19th Century, “Quest. Issues in Contemporary Jewish History. Journal of Fondazione CDEC”, 2012, nr 3, s. 72-85.
Манафова Райна, Просветно и културно приобщаване на българските евреи от освобождението до първата световна война, w: Проучвания за еврейското население в българските земи XV- -XX век, изд. Българската Академия на Науките, София 1980, s. 53-75.
Marton Silvia, Designing citizenship. The “Jewish question” in the debates of the Romanian parliament (1866-1869), “Quest. Issues in Contemporary Jewish History. Journal of Fondazione CDEC” 2012, no. 3, s. 35-55.
Назърска Жоржета, Българската държава и нейните малцинства 1879–1885, изд. ЛИК, София 1999. Назърска Жоржета, Етническите и религиозните малцинства в българския парламент (1879– 1885), „Исторически преглед”, 1999, nr 1–2, s. 3-22.
Неделева Петя, Място и роля на еврейската общност в българските земи (от османско владичество до 30–те години на ХХ в.), „Юридическо списание на НБУ”, 2013, nr 2, s. 33-57.
Nedkov Tzvetolin, Peter Gabe 1857–1927. 110 Years Since His Settlement in Bulgaria, “Annual”, 1995, t. 28, s. 226-232.
Omer Danielle, Le français, l’allemand, l’anglais: l’impossible alliance? L’example du réseau scolaire de l’AIU (1860–1913), http://hal.univ-nantes.fr/hal-01112097/document, s. 1-28.
Paounovski Vladimir, The Anti-Jewish legislation in Bulgaria during the Second World War, w: Vladimir Paounovski, Josif Ilel, The Jews in Bulgaria between the Holocaust and the Rescue, Adasa-Press, Sofia 2000, s. 67-120.
Puchner Walter, The Theatre in South-East Europe in the Wake of Nationalism, w: Tendances actuelles de la littérature compareé dans le Sud-est de l’Europe, red. Anna Tabaki, INR/NHRF, Athènes 2007, s. 66-122.
Roy Christophe, Souvenirs politiques et militaires de Bulgarie. Deux revolutions. La guerre serbo–bulgare, Imprimerie Charles Bayle, Paris 1887.
Rusin Bartłomiej, Konstytucja tyrnowska z 1879 roku – historia, ustrój, język, w: Historyczna i ponowoczesna tożsamość Słowian, red. J. Zatorska, A. Skoczylas, T. Ciesielski, Uniwersytet Łódzki, Łódź 2012, s. 73-95.
Rusin Bartłomiej, Prawa, wolności i obowiązki człowieka i obywatela w świetle konstytucji tyrnowskiej z 1879 r., „Meritum. Rocznik Koła Naukowego Historyków-Doktorantów UWM w Olsztynie”, 2012, t. IV, s. 93-104.
Rusin Bartłomiej, Pogromy Żydów na ziemiach bułgarskich Imperium Osmańskiego w czasie wojny rosyjsko-tureckiej 1877–1878, „Studia z Dziejów Rosji i Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej” [w druku].
Samuelson James, Bulgaria. Past And Present, Trubner & Co., London 1888. Üre Pinar, Immediate effects of the 1877–1878 Russo-Ottoman War on the Muslims of Bulgaria, “History Studies”, 2013, nr 13, s. 153-170.
Сантурджиев Панайот, Доброволците в сърбско–българската война 1885 г., Печатница Б.А. Кожухаров, София 1929.
Шеалтиел Шломо, Ционизмът в България. Особености на едно лидерско движение, изд. ОРБЕЛ, София 2012.
Шипчанов Иван, Съединението на България през 1885 г. и българските евреи, „Годишник ОКПОЕ”, 1985, t. 20, s. 45-64.
Ташев Ташo, Министрите на България 1879–1999, изд. Българската Академия на Науките, София 1999.
License
- The Author hereby warrants that he/she is the owner of all the copyright and other intellectual property rights in the Work and that, within the scope of the present Agreement, the paper does not infringe the legal rights of another person.The owner of the copyright work also warrants that he/she is the sole and original creator thereof and that is not bound by any legal constraints in regard to the use or sale of the work.
- The Author grants the Purchaser non-exclusive and free of charge license to unlimited use worldwide over an unspecified period of time in the following areas of exploitation:
2.1. production of multiple copies of the Work produced according to the specific application of a given technology, including printing, reproduction of graphics through mechanical or electrical means (reprography) and digital technology;
2.2. marketing authorisation, loan or lease of the original or copies thereof;
2.3. public performance, public performance in the broadcast, video screening, media enhancements as well as broadcasting and rebroadcasting, made available to the public in such a way that members of the public may access the Work from a place and at a time individually chosen by them;
2.4. inclusion of the Work into a collective work (i.e. with a number of contributions);
2.5. inclusion of the Work in the electronic version to be offered on an electronic platform, or any other conceivable introduction of the Work in its electronic version to the Internet;
2.6. dissemination of electronic versions of the Work in its electronic version online, in a collective work or independently;
2.7. making the Work in the electronic version available to the public in such a way that members of the public may access the Work from a place and at a time individually chosen by them, in particular by making it accessible via the Internet, Intranet, Extranet;
2.8. making the Work available according to appropriate license pattern Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-ND 4.0) as well as another language version of this license or any later version published by Creative Commons. - The Author grants the Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan permission to:
3.1. reproduce a single copy (print or download) and royalty-free use and disposal of rights to compilations of the Work and these compilations.
3.2. send metadata files related to the Work, including to commercial and non-commercial journal-indexing databases. - The Author declares that, on the basis of the license granted in the present Agreement, the Purchaser is entitled and obliged to allow third parties to obtain further licenses (sublicenses) to the Work and to other materials, including derivatives thereof or compilations made based on or including the Work, whereas the provisions of such sub-licenses will be the same as with the attributed license pattern Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-ND 4.0) or another language version of this license, or any later version of this license published by Creative Commons. Thereby, the Author entitles all interested parties to use the work, for non-commercial purposes only, under the following conditions:
4.1. acknowledgment of authorship, i.e. observing the obligation to provide, along with the distributed work, information about the author, title, source (link to the original Work, DOI) and of the license itself.
4.2. the derivatives of the Work are subject to the same conditions, i.e. they may be published only based on a licence which would be identical to the one granting access to the original Work. - The University of Adam Mickiewicz in Poznań is obliged to
5.1. make the Work available to the public in such a way that members of the public may access the Work from a place and at a time individually chosen by them, without any technological constraints;
5.2. appropriately inform members of the public to whom the Work is to be made available about sublicenses in such a way as to ensure that all parties are properly informed (appropriate informing messages).
Other provisions
- The University of Adam Mickiewicz in Poznań hereby preserves the copyright to the journal as a whole (layout/stylesheet, graphics, cover design, logo etc.)