Słowa kluczowe
Middle Ages
social communication
orality and literacy
group identity
transhumant pastoralism
Southeastern Europe
Jak cytować
Abstrakt
This paper explores the social structures of late medieval Vlachs – particularly the ones inhabiting the Western Balkans (the Dinaric Alps) – in order to determine how collective identities were shaped and reproduced in medieval oral cultures. Southeast European historiographies have often portrayed the Balkan Vlachs as a unitary group and the label „Vlach” as representing a single, homogenous social entity during most of the Middle Ages. Still, social groups cannot exist and function without regular communication – oral or written – between their members. Oral cultures are based on verbal communication and are therefore bound by its specific nature, given that it requires continuous personal contact and oral transfer of information for communication and society to function properly. Literate cultures on the other hand tend to rely on written communication to a considerable extent and given that it allows for information to be conveyed impersonally (by text) its range is (at least in theory) almost limitless – as it is the level of (il)literacy that represents the main communicative and social limit in literate societies. Having in mind the abovementioned communicative and social limits of orality and the fact that it was the predominant if not exclusive form of communication among transhumant pastoralists such as the medieval Balkan Vlachs this paper argues that the range/scope of their group identities and collective identifications was rather limited. Furthermore, this paper discusses the types of collective identities utilized by Vlachs, questioning whether they ever shared a common „Vlach identity” given the fact that the social identity of the medieval people known as „the Vlachs” was primarily shaped and defined from the „outside” and „above” – by state intervention and a legal frame that was forced upon them. The Vlachs in the Medieval Balkans, and particularly in its western part, generally did not possess political authority and power, nor did they have the material resources and literary traditions allowing them to form more complex and enduring communication networks that would in turn have resulted in group identity formation on a larger scale. During the Early Middle Ages the Vlachs were „Vlachs” primarily because they were labelled as such and considered to be a distinct category of population by their Slavic (and later Byzantine) neighbours and overlords, and not necessarily because they originally defined themselves as such. This is not to say that gradually, during the course of the Middle Ages, the bearers of the „Vlach” name could not have started to identify themselves as „Vlachs” by accepting this foreign name (xenonym) as their preferred group name (autonym). Still, when this finally did happen it did not imply a „universal” Vlach identity in the medieval Balkans. Given the communicative limits of oral cultures as well as the Vlachs’ position as legal and political „objects” rather than „subjects” it seems most likely that the medieval Balkans witnessed a simultaneous existence of a multitude of „Vlachnesses” which were usually unrelated and unaware of each other.
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Licencja
- Autor oświadcza, że przysługują mu osobiste i majątkowe prawa autorskie do Utworu oraz że nie są one ograniczone w zakresie objętym niniejszą Umową, oraz że utwór jest dziełem oryginalnym i nie narusza majątkowych lub osobistych praw autorskich innych osób.
- Autor udziela Uniwersytetowi im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu niewyłącznej i nieodpłatnej licencji na korzystanie z Utworu bez ograniczeń terytorialnych i przez czas nieokreślony na następujących polach eksploatacji:
2.1. wytwarzanie określoną techniką egzemplarzy Utworu, w tym techniką drukarską, reprograficzną, zapisu magnetycznego oraz techniką cyfrową;
2.2. wprowadzanie do obrotu, użyczenie lub najem oryginału albo egzemplarzy Utworu;
2.3. publiczne wykonanie, wystawienie, wyświetlenie, odtworzenie oraz nadawanie i reemitowanie, a także publiczne udostępnianie Utworu w taki sposób, aby każdy mógł mieć do niego dostęp w miejscu i w czasie przez siebie wybranym;
2.4. włączenie Utworu w skład utworu zbiorowego;
2.5. wprowadzanie Utworu w postacie elektronicznej na platformy elektroniczne lub inne wprowadzanie Utworu w postaci elektronicznej do Internetu, Intranetu, Extranetu lub innej sieci;
2.6. rozpowszechnianie Utworu w postaci elektronicznej w Internecie, Intranecie, Extranetu lub innej sieci, w pracy zbiorowej jak również samodzielnie;
2.7. udostępnianie Utworu w wersji elektronicznej w taki sposób, by każdy mógł mieć do niego dostęp w miejscu i w czasie przez siebie wybranym, w szczególności za pośrednictwem Internetu, Intranetu, Extranetu lin innej sieci;
2.8. udostępnianie Utworu zgodnie z wzorcem licencji Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-ND 4.0) lub innej wersji językowej tej licencji lub którejkolwiek późniejszej wersji tej licencji, opublikowanej przez organizację Creative Commons. - Autor zezwala Uniwersytetowi im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu na:
3.1. nieodpłatne korzystanie i rozporządzanie prawami do opracowań Utworu i tymi opracowaniami.
3.2. wysyłanie metadanych Utworu oraz Utworu do komercyjnych i niekomercyjnych baz danych indeksujących czasopisma. - Autor upoważnia i zobowiązuje Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu do udzielania osobom trzecim dalszych licencji (sublicencji) do Utworu oraz do innych materiałów, w tym utworów zależnych lub opracowań zawierających lub powstałych w oparciu o Utwór, przy czym postanowienia takich sublicencji będą tożsame z wzorcem licencji Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-ND 4.0) lub innej wersji językowej tej licencji lub którejkolwiek późniejszej wersji tej licencji, opublikowanej przez organizację Creative Commons Tym samym uprawnia wszystkich zainteresowanych do korzystania z utworu wyłącznie w celach niekomercyjnych pod następującymi warunkami:
4.1. uznanie autorstwa czyli obowiązek podania wraz z rozpowszechnionym utworem informacji, o autorstwie tytule, źródle (odnośniki do oryginalnego utworu, doi) oraz samej licencji;
4.2. na tych samych warunkach, wolno rozpowszechniać utwory zależne jedynie na licencji identycznej to tej, na jakiej udostępniono utwór oryginalny. - Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu jest zobowiązany do:
5.1. udostępniania Utworu w taki sposób, aby każdy mógł mieć do niego dostęp w miejscu i w czasie przez siebie wybranym bez ograniczeń technicznych;
5.2. poprawnego informowania osób, którym Utwór będzie udostępniany o udzielonych im sublicencjach w sposób umożliwiający odbiorcom zapoznanie się z nimi.