Abstract
There are a variety of individual differences that English language teaching (ELT) professionals cannot afford to ignore. This essay is based on a premise that teaching and learning English in Nigeria’s multilingual background of 526 languages (Ethnologue, 2018) present an extraordinary context of multiculturalism and individual differences in the language classroom. ELT professionals in such a context require significant expertise in the application of inclusive practices. The essay identified gaps in the praxis and policy dimensions of Nigerian ELT practice relating to individual differences and suggested a research focus on these two areas. It concluded that teachers should adopt clear, empirically tested methodologies to cater for the different students in the class, create good relationships in the classroom to develop learner self-confidence, integrate activities and tasks that clearly appeal to different learning styles and personalities, personalize learning as much as possible, create learner autonomy, and pay attention to cultural variations among L2 learners.
References
CLEMENT, R., DORNYEI, Z. & NOELS, K. A. (1994) Motivation, self-confidence, and group cohesion in a foreign language classroom. Language learning. 44. Pp. 417–448.
COHEN, A. D. (1998) Strategies for learning and using a second language. Essex, UK: Longman.
CROOKE, G. & SCHMIDT, R. (1991) Motivation: reopening the research agenda. Language learning. 40. Pp. 45–78.
CULATTA, R. (2020) Triarchic Theory (Robert Sternberg). [Online] Available from: https://www.instructionaldesign.org/theories/triarchic-theory [Accessed: 27 June 2020].
DECI, L. & RYAN, M. (1985) Intrinsic motivation and self-determination in human behaviour. New York: Plenum.
DICKSON, L. (1995) Autonomy and Motivation: A literature review. System. 23. Pp. 165–174.
DORNYEI, Z. & CSIZER, K. (1998) The Ten Commandments of motivating language learners: Results of an empirical study. Language Teaching Research. 2 (3). Pp. 203–229.
EHRMAN, M. E. & OXFORD, R. L. (1995) Cognitive plus: Correlates of language learning success. Modern language journal. 79 (j). Pp. 67–88.
EHRMAN, M. E. (1996) Understanding second language differences. C. A. Thousand Oaks: Sage.
EHRMAN, M. E. (2001) Bringing learning strategies to the learner: the ES1 language learning, consultation service. In: Alatis, J. E. & Tan, A. (eds.) Language in our time: Bilingual education and official English, Ebonics and Standard English. Immigration and the Unz Initiative. Pp. 41–58. Cambridge, UK: Georgetown University.
EHRMAN, M. E., LEARNER, B. L. & OXFORD, R. L. (2003) A brief overview of individual differences in second language learning. System. 31. Pp. 313–330.
Ethnologue (2018) Nigeria. [Online] Available from: https://www.ethnologue.com/country [Accessed: 6 December 2018].
FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF NIGERIA, THE. (2013) The National Policy on Education (3rd ed.). Lagos: NERDC Press.
FINK, L. D. (2003) Creating significant learning experiences. C. A.: Jossey-Bass.
GARDNER, R. C. (1985) Socio-psychological and second language learning. London: Edward Arnold.
GARDNER, R. C. (1988) The socio-educational model of second language learning: Assumptions, findings and issues. Language learning. 35. Pp. 101–126.
GARDNER, R. C. & LAMBERT, W. (1972) Attitudes and motivation in second language learning. Rowley, Massachusetts: Newbury House.
GOLEMAN, D. (1995) Emotional intelligence. New York: Bantam.
GURIAN, M. & STEVENS, K. (2004) Educational leadership: With boys and girls in mind. [Online] Available from: www.ascd.org/publications/educational-leadership/nor04/vol62/num03/with_boys_and_girls_in_mind [Accessed: 20 December 2016].
HARLEY, B. (1986) Age in second language acquisition. College-Hills Press. ISBN 978- 0-88744-269-8.
KIMURA, D. (1999) Sex and cognition. Cambridge: The MIT Press.
KOBAYASHI, J. & VISWAT, L. (2007) Cultural differences in motivation to learning. [Online] Available from: http:/lites/j.org/Articles/Kobagashi-CulturalDifferences in motivation to learning.html [Accessed: 10 October 2016].
KRASHEN, S. D. (1981) Second language acquisition and second language learning. Oxford: Pergamon.
NIMA, S., PARVIZ, M. & PARVIZ, B. (2016) On revisiting the sex differences in language acquisition: An etiological perspective. [Online] Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/305336069_on_Revisiting. [Accessed: 20 December 2016].
PENFIELD, W. & ROBERT, L. (1959) Speech and brain mechanisms. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
PICA, T. (1994) Questions from the Language Classroom: Research perspectives. TESOL Quarterly. 28(i). Pp. 49–79.
RICHARDS, J. C. & SCHMIDT, R. (2012) Longman dictionary of language teaching and applied linguistics. London: Person Education Limited.
ROBINSON, P. (2002) Individual Differences and Instructed Language Learning. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
SAMOVAR, L. A. & PORTER, R. E. (2001) Communication between cultures (4th ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.
SAVILLE-TROIKE, N. (2012) Introducing second language acquisition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
SCHERAGE, A. et al. (2004) The effects of late acquisition of L2 and the consequences of immigration on L1 for semantic and morpho-syntactic language aspects. Cognition. 93 (3). Pp. 97–108.
SEBASTIAN-GALLES, N., ECHERERRIA, S. & LAURA, B. (2005) The influence of initial exposure on lexical representation: Comparing early and simultaneous bilinguals. Journal of Language and Memory. 52 (2). Pp.240–255.
SNOW, C. & HOEFNAGEL-HOEHLEM, M., (1978) The critical age of language acquisition: Evidence from second language learning. Child Development. 47. Pp. 1114–1128.
STEWART, E. C. & BENNETT, M. (1991) American cultural patterns: A cross-cultural perspective. (Rev. ed.). Yarmouth: Intercultural Press.
SWAINE, M. (2000) French immersion research in Canada: Recent contributions to SLA and applied linguistics. Annual Review of Applied Linguistics. 20. Pp. 199–212.
TANG, R. (1999) The place of culture in the foreign language classroom: A reflection. [Online] Available from: http:/lites/j.org/Articles/Tang-Culture.html [Accessed: 10 October 2016].
THELEN, H. (1954) Dynamics of groups at work. Chicago: University of Chicago.
UR, P. (2012) A course in English language teaching. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
WALQUI, A. (2000) Contextual factors in second language acquisition. ERIC Digest. Washington, DC: ERIC Clearinghouse on Languages and Linguistics. Document ED444381.
WENDEN, A. & RUBIN, J. (1987) Learner strategies in language learning. NJ, USA: Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs.
ZOGHI, M., KAZEMI, S. A. & KALANI, A. (2013) The effect of gender on language learning. Journal of novel applied sciences. 1124–1128. [Online] Available from: www.jnasci.org [Accessed: 3 February 2017].
License
Journal of Gender and Power is an Open Access Journal. Copyright of the article published in the Journal of Gender and Power is retained by the authors with first publication rights granted to the Adam Mickiewicz University Press.