Słowa kluczowe
Islamophobia
patriotism
discourse
Muslims
Jak cytować
Abstrakt
The paper analyses the Islamophobic and anti-refugee narratives in Poland through the lens of two different modes of patriotism. These two types of patriotism reflect a great division within Polish society – i.e. between openness and aspiration towards EU and closeness and pride from Polish history. Islamophobic and anti-refugee discourse are powerful tools used in contemporary political discourse by the ruling party, yet they exemplify only one of many layers of the division. The paper starts with setting the framework for Islamophobic discourse in Poland, namely lacking post-colonial reflection and cultural homogeneity. It uses the concept of social imaginary to analyse conflicting discourses on Muslims and refugees on three different examples: use of Polish history for as a source of integration vs. defence against allegations; welcoming refugees as European obligation vs. obligation of EU towards Poland, and endorsing multiculturalism vs. Poland as antemurale christianitatis.
Bibliografia
Ananicz, S. and P. Buras, Spór o weto i pięć mitów rządowej propagandy [Dispute on veto and five myths of government propaganda]. Warszawa: Fundacja Batorego.
Balcer, A. et al. (2016). Polacy wobec UE: koniec konsensusu [Poles towards the EU: the end of consensus. Warszawa: Fundacja Batorego.
Balicki, J. (2018). Unia Europejska w prawicowym dyskursie w Polsce w świetle ‘europejskiego testamentu’ Jana Pawła II [European Union in the right-wing discourse in Poland in the light of the ‘European Testament’ of John Paul II]. In: Wolność. Wieczne wyzwanie [Freedom. Eternal challenge] B. Rydliński, S. Sowiński, R. Cendrowski (Eds.) Warszawa: UKSW, pp. 693–716.
Balogun, B. (2020). Race and racism in Poland: Theorising and contextualising ‘Polish-centrism’. The Sociological Review, 68(6): 1196–1211.
Barder, A. (2019). Scientific racism, race war and the global racial imaginary. Third World Quarterly, 40(2): 207–223.
Bobako, M. (2017). Islamofobia jako technologia władzy. Studium z antropologii politycznej [Islamophobia as a technology of power. Study of political anthropology]. Kraków: Universitas.
Buehler, A. (2011). Islamophobia: a projection of the west's ‘dark side’. Islam and Civilisational Renewal, 2(4): 639–653.
Brubaker, R. (2004). In the Name of the Nation: Reflections on Nationalism and Patriotism. Citizenship Studies, 8(2): 115–127.
Dudzińska A. and M. Kotnarowski (2019). Imaginary Muslims: How the Polish right frames Islam, July, 24. Retrieved from: https://www.brookings.edu/research/imaginary-muslims-how-polands-populists-frame-islam/.
EC (2019). Europeans in 2019. Special Eurobarometer 486. European Commmission, March.
Gellner, E. (1983). Nation and Nationalism. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
Górak-Sosnowska, K. (2013). Does Warsaw Need a Mosque? Debates on Multi-Culturalism and National Identity in Poland. In. Rescripting Religion in the City. Migration and Religious Identity in the Modern Metropolis, eds. J. Garnett, A. Harris. Ashgate, Surrey: 235–246.
Górak-Sosnowska, K. (2016). Islamophobia without Muslims? The case of Poland. Journal of Muslims in Europe, 5: 190–204.
Górak-Sosnowska, K. and M. Pachocka (2019). Inventing the Muslim Other in Poland (and why does it differ from Western Europe. In. Muslim minorities and the refugee crisis in Europe, eds. K. Górak-Sosnowska, M. Pachocka and J. Misiuna. Warsaw: SGH.
Goździak E. and P. Márton (2018). Where the wild things are’ fear of Islam and the antirefugee rhetoric in Hungary and in Poland. Central and Eastern European Migration Review, 7(2): 125–151.
Greenfeld, L. (1993). Nationalism. Five Roads to Modernity. Harvard University Press.
GUS (2013). Ludność. Stan i struktura demograficzno-społeczna [Population. The status and sociodemographic structure]. Warszawa: Główny Urząd Statystyczny.
Hafez, F. (n.d.). Reading Islamophobia Through the Lens of James Baldwin. The Leibniz ScienceCampus “Eastern Europe – Global Area”: Understanding and Explaining Islamophobia in Eastern Europe Special Issue, 1: 21–26.
Kalmar, I. (2020). The east is just like the west, only more so: Islamophobia and populism in Eastern Germany and the East of the European Union, Journal of Contemporary European Studies, 28(1): 15–29.
Kelemen, D. (2020). The European Union’s authoritarian equilibrium. Journal of European Public Policy, 27(3): 481–499.
Kinnavall, C. (2017). Racism and the role of imaginary others in Europe. Nature Human Behaviour, 1. Retrieved from: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41562-017-0122.
Kowalczyk, K. (2015). Kościół Rzymskokatolicki jako podmiot oddziaływania na system polityczny. Casus ustawy o związkach partnerskich [The Roman Catholic Church as a agent influencing the political system], Colloquium Wydziału Nauk Humanistycznych i Społecznych. Kwartalnik, 4: 61–82.
Leder, A. (2014). Prześniona rewolucja: ćwiczenie z logiki historycznej [Overdreamed revolution: excercises in historical logic]. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Krytyki Politycznej.
Mick, C. (2014). Colonialism in the Polish eastern borderlands 1919–1939. In Healy, R. and Dal Lago, E. (Eds.). The shadow of colonialism on Europe’s modern past. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 126-141.
Napiórkowski, M. (2019). Turbopatriotyzm [Turbo-patriotism]. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Czarne.
Narkowicz, K. (2018). ‘Refugees Not Welcome Here’: State, Church and Civil Society Responses to the Refugee Crisis in Poland, International Journal of Politics, Culture, and Society 31(3): 357–373.
Nowicka-Franczak, M. (2016). Committee for the Defense of Democracy in Poland: Rebellion of the ‘Beneficiaries of the Transformation’? Tr@nsit online. Wien: Institut für die Wissenschaften vom Menschen. Retrieved from: https://www.iwm.at/transit-online/committee-for-the-defense-of-democracy-in-poland-rebellion-of-the-beneficiaries-of-the-transformation/.
Pasieka, P. (2013). Wielokulturowość po polsku. O polityce wielokulturowości jako mechanizmie umacniania polskości [Multiculturalism in Polish. On politics of multiculturalism as a mechanism of strengthening Polishness], Kultura i Społeczeństwo, 3: 129–155.
Pędziwiatr, K. (2018). The Catholic Church in Poland on Muslims and Islam. Patterns of Prejudice, 52(5): 461-478.
Pew Research Center (2019). European Public Opinion Three Decades After the Fall of Communism. October 15. Retrieved from: https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2019/10/14/minority-groups/.
Pickel G. and C. Öztürk (2019). Islamophobia Without Muslims? The “Contact Hypothesis” as an Explanation for Anti-Muslim Attitudes – Eastern European Societies in a Comparative Perspective. Journal of Nationalism, Memory & Language Politics, 12(2): 162–191.
Renner, J. (2016). Poland – Germany: the ritualisation of apology. In: Apology and Reconciliation in International Relations. C. Daase, S. Engert, M. Horelt, J. Renner and R. Strasser R. (eds). London: Routledge, pp. 71–86.
Stefaniak, A. (2015). Postrzeganie muzułmanów w Polsce: Raport z badania sondażowego [Perception of Muslims in Poland: Report from opinion poll]. Warszawa: Centrum Badań nad Uprzedzeniami.
Taylor, C. (2003). Modern Social Imaginaries. London: Duke University Press.
Winiewski M. et al. (2017). Mowa nienawiści, mowa propagandy. Raport z badania przemocy werbalnej wobec grup mniejszościowych [Hate speech, contempt speech. Raport from a study on verbal abuse of minority groups]. Warszawa: Batory Foundation.
Young, I. and Sullivan, D. (2016). Competitive victimhood: A review of the theoretical and empirical literature. Current Opinion in Psychology, 11: 30–34.
Licencja
W przypadku zakwalifikowania tekstu do druku Autor wyraża zgodę na przekazanie praw autorskich do tego artykułu wydawcy (zob. Polityka open access). Autor artykułu zachowuje prawo wykorzystania treści opublikowanego przez czasopismo artykułu w dalszej pracy naukowej i popularyzatorskiej pod warunkiem wskazania źródła publikacji.