Słowa kluczowe
wybór publiczny
liberalizm
protekcjonizm
reżimy autorytarne
bilateralizm
Jak cytować
Abstrakt
W tej pracy badawczej, autor koncentruje się na analizie współpracy handlowej w świetle sił, które są obecnie re-shaping międzynarodowego biznesu. Zgodnie z teorią polityki handlu zagranicznego dalsza liberalizacja handlu i ulepszone polityki ramowe zwiększyłyby handel i promowałyby wzrost. Należy podkreślić, że otwartość na handel wiąże się z wyższymi dochodami i wzrostem, dlatego też istnieje potrzeba nowych podejść do współpracy handlowej. Tym, co wskazuje na znaczenie i innowacyjność badań, jest przedstawienie nowych modeli polityki handlu zagranicznego i interesów handlowych. Należy przede wszystkim podkreślić, że w nowych ujęciach teoretycznych w zapotrzebowaniu na politykę handlową bardzo ważne są czynniki specyficzne. Niska specyficzność czynników oznacza, że zwroty czynników są wyrównywane przez gospodarkę regionu. Z drugiej strony niektóre czynniki utknęły w swoich dotychczasowych zastosowaniach, dlatego w takim przypadku zwroty czynników produkcji nie są wyrównywane przez gospodarkę regionu, ale są specyficzne dla danego przemysłu. Głównym celem zadania badawczego jest wszechstronna analiza aktualnych tendencji w teorii i polityce handlu zagranicznego, a w szczególności modeli polityki handlu zagranicznego, interesów handlowych określanych przez orientację eksportową i wrażliwość importową, polityki handlu zagranicznego w różnych typach reżimów autorytarnych, presji protekcjonistycznych w różnych systemach politycznych, poziomu presji protekcjonistycznych, zróżnicowania polityki handlu zagranicznego między państwami, liberalizacji polityki handlu zagranicznego Chin i jej skutków, tendencji do liberalizacji handlu międzynarodowego i problemu ochrony środowiska oraz tendencji do bilateralizmu w polityce handlu zagranicznego. Należy podkreślić, że wolny handel sam w sobie nie jest odpowiedzialny za wzrost gospodarczy, ważniejsze są natomiast czynniki decydujące o stabilności makroekonomicznej oraz zwiększające inwestycje.
Bibliografia
Alt J. E., Gilligan M. J. (1994), The Political Economy of Trading States, “Journal of Political Philosophy”, no. 2, pp. 165–192.
Alt J. E., Frieden J., Gilligan M. J., Rodrik D., Rogowski R. (1996), The Political Economy of International Trade: Enduring Puzzles and an Agenda for Inquiry, “Comparative Political Studies” 29, pp. 689–717.
Anderson K. (1997), Environmental Standards and International Trade, in: Annual World Bank Conference an Development Economics 1996, eds. M. Bruno, B. Pleskovic, The World Bank, Washington D.C., January, 319.
Anderson K. (1995), Lobbying Incentives and the Pattern of Protection in Rich and Poor Countries, “Economic Development and Cultural Change” 43, pp. 401–423.
Angus Maddison, The World Economy: Historical Statistics, OECD, http://www.china-mike.com/facts-about-china/economy-investment-business-statistics/, 11.10.2013.
Angus Maddison, University of Groningen: The Economist http://www.china-mike.com/facts-about-china/economy-investment-business-statistics/, 11.10.2013.
Aslund A. (2002), Building Capitalism: The Transformation of the Former Soviet Bloc, Cambridge Iniversity Press, Cambridge.
Banerji A., Ghanem H. (1997), Does the Type of Political Regime Matter for Trade and Labour Market Policies?, The “World Bank Economic Review”, vol. 11, January 1, 173.
Bhagwati J. N., Srinivisan T. N. (1996), Trade and the Environment: Does Environmental Diversity Detract from the Case for Free Trade?, in: Fair Trade and Harmonization: Prerequisites for Free Trade?, eds. J. N. Bhagwati, R. E. Hudec, M IT Press, Cambridge, Mass..
Busch M. L., Reinhard E. (1999), Industrial Locations and Protection: The Political and Economic Geography of U.S. Nontariff Barriers, “American Journal of Political Science” 43, pp. 1028–1050.
Busch M. L., Reinhard E. (2000), Geography, International Trade, and Political Mobilization in U.S. Industries, “American Journal of Political Science” 44, pp. 703–719.
Caughlin C. C., Chrystal K. A., Wood G. E. (1995), Protectionist Trade Policies: A Survey of Theory, Evidence, and Rationale, in: International Political Economy: Perspectives on Global Power and Wealth, eds. J. A. Frieden, D. A. Lake, 3rd edition, St Martin’s Press, New York.
CEIC: Keywise Capital Management, http://www.china-mike.com/facts-about-china/economy-investment-business-statistics/, 11.10.2013.
Chichilnisky G. (1994), North South Trade and the Global Environment, “American Economic Review”, 84 (4), pp. 831–874.
China is richer, but most Chinese are still poor (2011), “Fortune”, Feb. 17.
China Passes Japan as Second-Largest Economy (2010), “New York Times”, August 15.
China Statistical Yearbook (2010).
China Surges in Americans’ Views of Top World Economy (2011), “Gallup’s annual World Affairs survey”, Feb., http://www.china-mike.com/facts-about-china/economy-investment-business-statistics/, 11.10.2013.
China vows tougher punishments for copyright piracy (2011), “Reuters”, January, 10.
China’s Currency Reserves Rise to Record, Domestic Lending Exceeds Target (2011), “Bloomberg”, Jan. 11.
China’s customs office, the Federation of German Wholesale and Foreign Trade (2010), “New York Times”, January 10.
Chow G. C. (2015), China’s Economic Transformation, Third Edition, WILEY Blackwell, Maledn (USA)–Oxford (UK).
CIA–The World Factbook, China 2006, https://www.cia.gov/cia/.
CIA World Fact Book (2011).
Coleman W. D. (1998), From Protected Development to Market Liberalism. Paradigm Change in Agriculture, “Journal of European Public Policy”, 5, pp. 632–651.
Containerisation International, http://www.china-mike.com/facts-about-china/economy-investment-business-statistics/, 11.10.2013.
Copland B. R., Taylor M. S. (1995), Trade and Transboundary Pollution, “American Economic Review”, 85 (4), pp. 713–737.
Corden W. M. (1996), The Environment and Trade Policy, in: Trade Policy and Economic Welfare, ed. W. M. Corden, Clarendon Press, Oxford.
Devarajan S., Ghanem H., Thierfelder K. (1997), Economic Reform and Labor Unions: A General Equilibrium Analysis Applied to Bangladesh and Indonesia, “The World Bank Economic Review”, vol. 11, January, no. 1, pp. 145–170.
Eagleton-Pierce M. (2013), Symbolic Power in the World Trade Organization, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Esty D. C. (2000), Environment and the Trading System: Picking up the Post-Seattle Pieces, in: The WTO after Seattle, ed. J. J. Schott, Institut for International Economics, Washington, DC, pp. 250–251.
Esty D. C. (1998), NGOs at the World Trade Organisation: Cooperation, Competition, or Exclusion, “Journal of International Economic Law”, 1, no. 1, p. 123.
Facts about China: Economy & GDP 2011–2012, http://www.china-mike.com/facts-about-china/economy-investment-business-statistics/, 11.10.2013.
Fields G. (1994), Changing Labor Market Conditions and Economic Development in Hong Kong, Singapore and Taiwan, Cornell University, Ithaca–New York, Processed.
Foray D., Freeman C. (1993), Technology and the Wealth of Nations: The Dynamics of Constructed Advantage, Pinter, London.
Foreign Direct Investment (2011), “The Economist”, Jan. 20.
Freeman C. (1987), Technology Policy and Economic Performance: Lessons from Japan, Pinter, London.
Freeman C. (1988), Japan, a New System of Innovation, in: Technical Change and Economic Theory, eds. G. Dosi, C. Freeman, R. R. Nelson, G. Silverberg, L. Soete, Pinter, London, pp. 31–54.
Freeman R. (1993), Does Suppression of Labor Contribute to Economic Success? Labor Relations and Markets in East Asia. Harvard University, London School of Economics, Cambridge, Mass.–London, Processed.
Frey B. S. (1984), The public Choice View of International Political Economy, “International Organization” 38, pp. 199–223.
Frey B. S., Pommerehne W., Schneider F., Gilbert G. (1984), Consensus and Disconsensus among Economists: An Empirical Inquiry, “American Economic Review” 74, pp. 986–994.
Frieden J. (1991), Debt, Development and Democracy, Princeton University Press, Princeton.
Frieden J., Rogowski R. (1996), The Impact of International Economy on National Policies: An Intellectual Overview, in: Internationalization and Domestic Politics, eds. R. O. Keohane, H. V. Milner, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Gallup’s annual World Affairs survey (2011), “China Surges in Americans’ Views of Top World Economy”, Feb.
Goldman Sachs Global ECS Research, Dec. 2010.
Goldstein J. (1989), The Impact of Ideas on Trade Policy: The Origins of U.S. Agricultural and Manufacturing Policies, “International Organization” 43, pp. 31–71.
Goldstein J. (1995), Ideas, Institutions and American Trade Policy, in: International Political Economy: Perspectives on Global Power and Wealth, eds. J. A. Frieden, D. A. Lake, 3rd edition, New York: St Martin,s Press.
Jackson R. J. (2013), Global Politics in the 21st Century, Cambridge University Press, New York.
Grossman G., Helpman E. (1994), Protection for Sale, “American Economic Review”, 84 (4).
Hadenius A., Teorell J. (2007), Pathways from Authoritarianism, “Journal of Democracy” 18 (1), pp. 145–156.
Hankla Ch. R. (2006), Party Strength and International Trade: A Cross National Analysis, “Comparative Political Studies” 39 (9), pp. 1133–1156.
Hankla Ch. R., Kuthy D. (2013), Economic Liberalism in Illiberal Regimes Authoritarian Variation and the Political Economy of Trade, “International Studies Quarterly, A Journal of the International Studies Association”, vol. 57, no. 3, September, pp. 492–504.
Helliwel J. F. (1992), Empirical Linkages between Democracy and Economic Growth, Working Paper 4066. National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Mass., Processed.
In China, Even Crooks Get Ripped Off (2011), China facts: Weird & Oddbal.
In China, Tentative Steps Toward Global Currency (2011), “New York Times”, Feb. 10.
Jackson R. J. (2013), Global Politics in the 21st Century, Cambridge University Press, New York.
Jones K. (2015), Reconstructing the World Trade Organization for 21st Century, An Institutional Approach, Oxford University Press, Oxford–New York.
Kennedy R. (2007), Fragments of Economic Accountability and Trade Policy, “Foreign Policy Analysis” 3, pp. 145–169.
Kirshner O. (2013), American Trade Politics and the Triumph of Globalism, Routledge Taylore&Francis Group, New York–London.
Kitschelt H., Mansfeldova Z., Markowski R., Toka G. (1999), Post-Communist Party System: Competition, Representation, and Inter-Party Cooperation, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Kleinberg K. B., Fordham B. O. (2013), The Domestic Politics of Trade and Conflict, “International Studies Quarterly, A Journal of the International Studies Association”, vol. 57, no. 3, September, pp. 605–619.
Kleinberg K. B., Fordham B. O. (2010), Trade and Foreign Policy Attitudes, “Journal of Conflict Resolution” 54 (5), pp. 687–914.
Krasner S. D. (1976), State Power and the Structure of International Trade, “World Politics” 28, pp. 317–347.
Krist W. (2013), Globalization and America’s Trade Agreements, John Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.
Kugler J. (2006), The Asian Ascent: Opportunity for Peace or Precondition for War?, “International Studies Perspectives, A Journal of the International Studies Association”, vol. 7, no. 1, February.
LaFleur R. (2010), China: Asia in Focus, http://www.china-mike.com/facts-about-china/economy-investment-business-statistics/, 11.10.2013.
Magee S. P., Brock W. A., Young L. Black (1989), Hole Tariffs and Endogenous Policy Theory Political Economy in Genaral Equilibrium, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
McDonald’s, The Economist, http://www.china-mike.com/facts-about-china/economy-investment-business-statistics/, 11.10.2013.
Milner H. V. (1995), Resisting the Protectionism Temtation: Industry and the Making of Trade Policy in France and the United States during the 1970s, in: International Political Economy: Perspectives on Global Power and Wealth, eds. J. A. Frieden, D. A. Lake, 3rd edition, St Martin’s Press, New York.
Milner H. V., Yoffie D. B. (1989), Between Free Trade and Protectionism: Strategic Trade Policy and a Theory of Corporate Trade Demands, “International Organization” 43, pp. 239–272.
Murphy K. M., Shleifer A., Vishny R. W. (1993), Why is Rent-Seeking so Costly to Growth?, “The American Economic Review” 83, pp. 409–414.
Nau H. R. (1989), Domestic Trade Politics and the Uruguay Round: An Overview, in: Domestic Trade Politics and the Uruguay Round, ed. H. R. Nau, Columbia University Press, New York.
Nelson D. (1988), Endogenous Tariff Theory: A Critical Review, “American Journal of Political Science” 32, pp. 796–837.
Nielson D. L. (2003), Supplying Trade Reform: Political Institutions and Liberalization in Middle-Income Presidetial Democracies, “American Journal of Political Science” 47, pp. 470–491.
Olson M. (1985), Space, Agriculture and Organization, “American Journal of Agricultural Economics” 67, PP. 928–937.
Olson M. (1986), The Exploitation and Subsidization of Agriculture in Developing and Developed Countries, in: Agriculture in a Turbulent World Economy, eds. A. Maunder, U. Renborg, Gower, U.K. Aldershot.
Pekkanen S. M., Solis M., Katada S. N. (2007), Trading Gains for Contro: International Forums and Japanese Economic Diplomacy, “International Studies Quarterly” 51, pp. 945–970.
Pepinsky T. B. (2008), Capital Mobility and Coalitional Politics: Authoritarian Regimesand Adjustment in Southeast Asia, “World Politics” 60, pp. 438–474.
Radice H. (2015), Global Capitalism. Selected essays, Routledge, Tylor & Francis Group, London–New York.
Ravenhill J. (ed.) (2014), Global Political Economy, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
“Rediff Business online”, 2010, November, http://www.china-mike.com/facts-about-china/economy-investment-business-statistics/, 11.10.2013.
Reuvid J. (2008), Business Insights-China, Kogan Page, London–Philadelphia.
Rodrik D. (1995), Political Economy of Trade Policy, in: Handbook of International Economics, eds. G. Grossman, K. Rogoff, vol. 3, Elsevier Science, Amsterdam.
Rogowski R. (1989), Commerce and Coalitions, Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ.
Rogowski R. (1987), Political Cleavages and Changig Exposures to Trade, “American Political Science Review” 81, pp. 1121–1137.
Rogowski R. (1987), Trade and the Variety of Democratic Institutions, “International Organization” 41, pp. 203–222.
Rosecrance R. (2006), Power and International Relations: The Rise of China and Its Effects, “Internationl Studies Perspectives, A Journal of the International Studies Association”, vol. 7, no. 1, February.
Schattschneider E. E. (1935), Politics, Pressure and the Tariff, Prentice Hall, New York.
Sheingate A. D. (2001), The Rise of Agricultureal Welfare State: Institutions and Interests Group Power in the United States, France, and Japan, Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ.
Tammen R. J., Kugler J., Lemke D., Stam A., Abdollahian M., Al-Sharabati C., Efird B., Organski A. F. K. (2000), Power Transition, Chatham House, New York.
Thies C. G., Porche S. (2007), Crawfish Tails: A Curious Tale of Foreign Trade Policy Making, “Foreign Policy Analysis” 3, pp. 171–187.
Top 10 largest economies in 2020 (2010), “Euromonitor International”, July 7, http://www.china-mike.com/facts-about-china/economy-investment-business-statistics/, 11.10.2013.
“The Economist”, http://www.china-mike.com/facts-about-china/economy-investment-business-statistics/, 11.10.2013.
The World Factbook (2010), 11.09.2010.
World Bank: CIA Factbook (2010), http://www.china-mike.com/facts-about-china/economy-investment-business-statistics/, 11.10.2013.
World Bank; International Monetary Fund (2013), http://www.china-mike.com/facts-about-china/economy-investment-business-statistics/, 11.10.2013.
Wright J. (2008a), Do Authoritarian Institutions Constrain? How Legislaturees Affect Economic Growth and Investment, “American Journal of Political Science”, 52 (2), pp. 322–343.
Wright J. (2008b), Insurance or Investment? How Authoritarian Time Horizons Impact Foreign Aid Effectiveness, “Comparative Political Studies” 41 (7), pp. 971–1000.
Trading Places (2010), “The Economist” online, August 24.
United Nations report (2010), July,
UNCTAD (2013), http://www.china-mike.com/facts-about-china/economy-investment-business-statistics/, 11.10.2013.
UNCTAD (2013), Multinational Enterprises and the Global Economy by J. H. Dunning, http://www.china-mike.com/facts-about-china/economy-investment-business-statistics/, 11.10.2013.
U.S. Customs & Border Protection (2010).