Abstrakt
Rosnący kryzys demokracji przedstawicielskiej i związane z nim niezadowolenie obywateli pobudziło innowacyjne myślenie o demokracji. W ciągu ostatnich dwóch dekad pojawił się szeroki wachlarz demokratycznych innowacji, które mają na celu zwiększenie zaangażowania „zwykłych ludzi” w politykę, łącząc bezpośrednie masowe uczestnictwo z pogłębionym dialogiem na temat pilnych kwestii polityki publicznej. Innowacje szybko rozprzestrzeniają się terytorialnie, stają się coraz bardziej zinstytucjonalizowane i dostosowane do konkretnych kontekstów politycznych, kulturowych i społecznych. Na uwagę zasługują szczególnie mini-publiki, będące forami debaty na małą skalę. W obliczu niezadowolenia obywateli z praktyki funkcjonowania sfery publicznej pojawiają się próby instytucjonalizacji jednorazowych forów deliberatywnych i uczynienia ich częścią szerszego systemu politycznego. Wyzwanie to podjęła najpierw niemieckojęzyczna wspólnota Belgii (Ostelbelgien), a za nią poszły inne władze publiczne. Próby włączenia w przestrzeń decyzyjną mini-publik podjęły też władze lokalne – Paryża, Newham i Akwizgranu. W artykule twierdzę, że panele obywatelskie są najbardziej zaawansowaną metodą instytucjonalizacji demokracji deliberatywnej. Dowodzę, że choć pierwsze zrealizowane na świecie panele obywatelskie były jednorazowe, to za ich przykładem, szczególnie za przyczyną sukcesu unikalnego modelu Ostelbelgien, kolejne władze publiczne zaczęły postrzegać tę innowację jako szansę na stałe (a nie tylko jednorazowe) zasilenie demokracji i uczynienie jej bardziej odporną na kryzysy. Wykazuję też, że władze lokalne mogą odgrywać wiodącą rolę we wzmacnianiu i instytucjonalizacji procesów deliberatywnych z wykorzystaniem mini-publik.
Finansowanie
The work was created as part of the research project Sonata Bis UMO-2021/42/E/HS5/00155, funded by the National Science Centre.
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Licencja
Prawa autorskie (c) 2023 Joanna Podgórska-Rykała
Utwór dostępny jest na licencji Creative Commons Uznanie autorstwa – Na tych samych warunkach 4.0 Miedzynarodowe.