Keywords
ideology
discourse
political strategy
political style
mobilization
interpretive frames
How to Cite
Abstract
Populism has been a controversial category since the beginning of the scientific reflection on this phenomenon. As this article shows, this stems from the differences between researchers who differently hierachize the meaning of specific constitutive elements. More importantly, researchers often differ even as to which elements are necessary elements of the phenomenon. Therefore, these differences result from different views on the ontological status of populism. This leads to a tendency to use other empirical data and a different methodology. The purpose of this text is the critical analysis of the most typical and new ideas regarding ontological status of populism. The article also attempts to identify potential areas of agreement between individual approaches to populism: as a thin-core ideology, discourse, strategy and organization, political style, mobilization, discursive and stylistic repertoire, and interpretative framework.
Funding
Scientific work financed by the National Science Center under the HARMONIA program; research grant: 2015/18 / M / HS5 / 00080.
References
Aslanidis P. (2016), Is populism an ideology? A refutation and a new perspective, „Political Studies”, vol. 64, nr 1.
Barr R. R. (2009), Populists, outsiders and anti-establishment politics, „Party Politics”, vol. 15, nr 1.
Betz H. G. (1994), Radical right wing populism in Western Europe, Palgrave Macmillan.
Bonikowski B. (2017), Three Lessons of Contemporary Populism in Europe and the United States, „The Brown Journal of World Affairs”, vol. 23, nr 1.
Bracciale R., Martella A. (2017), Define the populist political communication style: the case of Italian political leaders on Twitter, „Information, Communication & Society”, vol. 20, nr 9.
Brubaker R. (2017), Why populism?, „Theory and Society”, vol. 46, nr 5.
Burr V. (2003), Social constructionism, Routledge, London–New York.
de la Torre C., Mazzoleni O. (2019), Do We Need a Minimum Definition of Populism? An Appraisal of Mudde’s Conceptualization, „Populism”, vol. 2, nr 1.
Domańska E. (2007), „Zwrot performatywny” we współczesnej humanistyce, „Teksty drugie”, nr 5.
Freeden M. (1998), Is nationalism a distinct ideology?, „Journal of Political Ideologies”, vol. 46, nr 4.
Freeden M. (2017), After the Brexit referendum: revisiting populism as an ideology, „Journal of Political Ideologies”, vol. 22, nr 1.
Freeden M. (2013), Morphological analysis, w: The Oxford Handbook of Political Ideologies, red. M. Freeden, L. T. Sargent, M. Stears, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Gidron N., Bonikowski B. (2013), Varieties of populism: literature review and research agenda, „Weatherhead Working Paper Series”, nr 13-0004.
Goffman E. (2010), Analiza ramowa. Esej z organizacji doświadczenia, Nomos, Kraków.
Hawkins K. A. (2009), Is Chávez Populist? Measuring Populist Discourse in Comparative Perspective, „Comparative Political Studies”, vol. 42, nr 8.
Hay C. (2006), Political ontology, w: The Oxford Handbook of Contextual Political Analysis, red. R. E. Goodin, Ch. Tilly, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Ionescu G., Gellner E. (1969), Introduction, w: Populism: its meanings and national characteristics, red. G. Ionescu, E. Gellner, Weidenfeld and Nicolson, London.
Ivaldi G., Lanzone M. A., Woods D. (2017), Varieties of Populism across a Left–Right Spectrum: The Case of the Front National, the Northern League, Podemos and Five Star Movement, „Swiss Political Science Review”, vol. 23, nr 4.
Jagers J., Walgrave S. (2007), Populism as political communication style: An empirical study of political parties’ discourse in Belgium, „European Joural of Political Research”, vol. 46, nr 3.
Jansen R. S. (2011), Populist Mobilization: A New Theoretical Approach to Populism, „Sociological Theory”, vol. 29, nr 2.
Jupskås A. R. (2013), In the Name of the People! Contemporary Populism(s) in Scandinavia, w: Contemporary Populism: A Controversial Concept and Its Diverse Forms, red. S. Gherghina, S. Mișcoiu, S. Soare, Cambridge Scholars Publishing, Newcastle upon Tyne.
Kriesi H. (2014), The populist challenge, „West European Politics”, vol. 37, nr 2.
Laclau E. (2005), Populism: What’s in a Name?, w: Populism and the Mirror of Democracy, red. F. Panizza, Verso, Londyn.
Laclau E. (2009), Rozum populistyczny, Wydawnictwo DSWE, Wrocław.
Levitsky S., Roberts K. M. (2011), Latin America’s “left turn”. A framework for the analysis, w: The resurgence of the Latin American left, red. S. Levitsky, K. M. Roberts, The John Hopkins University Press.
Lindekilde L. (2014), Discourse and frame analysis. In-depth analysis of qualitative data in social movement research, w: Methodological practices in social movement research, red. D. della Porta, Oxford University Press.
Lipiński A. (2012), Między komunikacją a kontestacją. Kultura, ramy interpretacyjne i ruchy społeczno-polityczne, „Studia Politologiczne”, nr 25.
Lipiński A. (2017), Qualitative approaches in populism research, „Atheneum”, nr 56.
Mény Y., Surel Y. (2002), The Constitutive Ambiguity of Populism, w: Democracies and the Populist Challenge, red. Y. Mény, Y. Surel, Palgrave.
McDonnell D. (2016), Populist leaders and coterie charisma, „Political Studies”, vol. 64, nr 3.
Moffitt B. (2016), The global rise of populism. Performance, political style and representation, Stanford University Press.
Moffitt B., Tormey S. (2014), Rethinking Populism: Politics, Mediatisation and Political Style, „Political Studies”, vol. 62, nr 2.
Mudde C. (2004), The populist zeitgeist, „Government and Opposition”, vol. 39, nr 4.
Mudde C. (2007), Populist radical right parties in Europe, Cambridge University Press.
Mudde C., Kaltwasser C. R. (2012), Populism and (liberal) democracy: a framework for analysis, w: Populism in Europe and the Americas. Threat or Corrective for Democracy?, red. C. Mudde, C. R. Kaltwasser, Cambridge University Press.
Oliver P. E., Johnston H. (2000), What a good idea! Ideologies and frames in social movements research, „Mobilization”, vol. 4, nr 1.
Pappas T. S. (2012), Populism emergent: A framework for analyzing its contexts, mechanics, and outcomes, „EUI Working Papers” RSCAS, nr 1.
Pappas T. S. (2016), Modern Populism: Research Advances, Conceptual and Methodological Pitfalls, and the Minimal Definition, w: Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics, http://oxfordindex.oup.com/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.17, 15.10.2017.
Pauwels T. (2011), Measuring Populism: A Quantitative Text Analysis of Party Literature in Belgium, „Journal of Elections, Public Opinion and Parties”, vol. 21, nr 1.
Pauwels T., Rooduijn M. (2015), Populism in Belgium in Times of Crisis: A Longitudinal Study, w: European Populism in the Shadow of the Great Recession, red. H. Kriesi, T. Pappas, ECPR Press, Colchester.
Reisigl M. (2014), Argumentation analysis and the discourse-historical approach: A methodological framework, w: Contemporary Critical Discourse Studies, red. C. Hart, P. Cap, Bloomsbury, London.
Rooduijn M. (2014), The Nucleus of Populism: In Search of the Lowest Common Denominator, „Government & Opposition”, vol. 49, nr 4.
Rooduijn M., de Lange S., Wouter van der Brug (2014), A populist zeitgeist? Programmatic contagion by populist parties in Western Europe, „Party Politics”, vol. 20, nr 4.
Snow D., Benford R. (2000), Clarifying the relationship between framing and ideology, „Mobilization”, vol. 5, nr 1.
Snow R., Benford R. (1992), Master frames and cycles of protest, w: Frontiers in social movement theory, red. A. Morris, C. McClurg Mueller, New Haven.
Stanley B. (2008), The thin ideology of populism, „Journal of Political Ideologies”, vol. 13, nr 1.
Stanyer J., Salgado S., Strömbäck J. (2017), Populist Actors as Communicators or Political Actors as Populist Communicators. Cross-National Findings and Perspectives, w: Populist Political Communication in Europe, red. T. Aalberg, F. Esser, C. Reinemann, J. Strömbäck, C. H. de Vreese, Routledge.
Stavrakakis Y. (2004), Antinomies of formalism: Laclau’s theory of populism and the lessons from religious populism in Greece, „Journal of Political Ideologies”, vol. 9, nr 3.
Stavrakakis Y., Katsambekis G. (2014), Left-wing populism in the European periphery: The case of SYRIZA, „Journal of Political Ideologies”, vol. 19, nr 2.
Taggart P. (2000), Populism, Open University Press, Buckingham.
Taguieff P.-A. (1995), Political Science Confronts Populism, „Telos”, nr 103.
Townshend J. (2003), Discourse theory and political analysis: a new paradigm from the Essex School?, „British Journal of Politics and International Relations”, t. 5, nr 1.
van Kessel S. (2014), The populist cat-dog: applying the concept of populism to contemporary European party systems, „Journal of Political Ideologies”, t. 19, nr 1.
Weyland K. (1999), Neoliberal Populism in Latin America and Eastern Europe, „Comparative Politics”, vol. 31, nr 4.
Weyland K. (2001), Clarifying a contested concept: populism in the study of Latin American politics, „Comparative Politics”, vol. 34, nr 1.
Weyland K. (2017), Populism: A political-strategic approach, w: Oxford handbook of populism, red. C. R. Kaltwasser, P. Taggart, P. Ochoa Espejo, P. Ostiguy, Oxford University Press.
Wodak R. (2008), Dyskurs populistyczny: retoryka wykluczenia a gatunki języka pisanego, w: Krytyczna analiza dyskursu. Interdyscyplinarne podejście do komunikacji społecznej, red. A. Duszak, N. Fairclough, Universitas.
Wodak R. (2013), Anything goes! – the Haiderization fo Europe, w: Right wing populism in Europe. Politics and discourse, red. R. Wodak, M. KhosraviNik, B. Mral, Bloomsbury.
Wodak R. (2015), The politics of fear. What right wing populist discourses mean?, Sage, London.
Woods D. (2014), The many faces of populism: diverse but not disparate, w: The many faces of populism: current perspectives, red. D. Woods, B. Weynert, Emerald Group Publishing Limited.
Zaslove A. (2008), Here to stay? Populism as a new party type, „European Review”, vol. 16, nr 3.
Zulianello M., Albertini A., Ceccobelli D. (2018), A Populist Zeitgeist? The Communication Strategies of Western and Latin American Political Leaders on Facebook, „The International Journal of Press/Politics”, vol. 23, nr 4.