Between International Relations and Arms Controls: Understanding Export Controls for Surveillance Technologies1
PDF

Keywords

export controls
surveillance technology
international relations
global governance

How to Cite

Wagner, B., & Bronowicka, J. (2015). Between International Relations and Arms Controls: Understanding Export Controls for Surveillance Technologies1. Przegląd Politologiczny, (3), 153–165. https://doi.org/10.14746/pp.2015.20.3.11

Abstract

Export Controls are becoming an increasingly important dimension of international relations, however there is still relatively little literature on their usage and implementation. The following article attempts to show the development and problems surrounding export controls in a new area: surveillance technologies. These have recently been integrated into international frameworks for export controls, bringing with them a row of challenges and questions for policy makers. Based on extensive conversations with practitioners and key experts in the field, this paper attempts to sketch out key ideas and solutions in this area as well as important responses that have been developed to (perceived) challenges.
https://doi.org/10.14746/pp.2015.20.3.11
PDF

References

Assessing Cyber Security Export Risks, http://www.techuk.org/images/CGP_Docs/Assessing_Cyber_Security_Export_Risks_website_FINAL_3.pdf.

Bauman Z. et al. (2014), After Snowden: Rethinking the Impact o f Surveillance, “International Political Sociology”, 8(2), pp. 121-144.

Benedek P. W., Kettemann D. M. C. (2014), Freedom o f expression and the Internet, Council of Europe.

Bratus S., Capelis D. J., Locasto M., Shubina A. (2014), Why Wassenaar Arrangement’s Definitions of Intrusion Software and Controlled Items Put Security Research and Defense At Risk-And How To Fix It, October 9, 2014, www.cs.dartmouth.edu/~sergey/drafts/wassenaar-public-comment.pdf

Bromley M., Cooper N., Holtom P. (2012), The UN Arms Trade Treaty: arms export controls, the human security agenda and the lessons o f history, International Affairs.

Citizen Lab (2013), You Only Click Twice: FinFisher’s Global Proliferation - Citizen Lab.

Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) No 1382/2014 of 22 October 2014 amending Council Regulation (EC) No 428/2009 setting up a Community regime for the control of exports, transfer, brokering and transit o f dual-use items, Official Journal of the European Union, L 371 Volume 57, English edition, Legislation 30 December 2014.

Commission updates EU control list on dual use items, http://trade.ec.europa.eu/doclib/press/index.cfm?id=1166&title=Commission-updates-EU-control-list-ondual-use-items.

Council Decision 2012/168/CFSP of 23 March 2012 amending Decision 2011/235/CFSP concerning restrictive measures directed against certain persons and entities in view of the situation in Iran, http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=0J:L:2012:087:0085:0089: EN:PDF.

Council Decision 2013/255/CFSP of 31 May 2013 concerning restrictive measures against Syria, http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriSer/LexUriServ.do?uri=0J:L:2013:147:0014:0045:EN:PDF.

Council Regulation (EC) No 428/2009 of 5 May 2009 setting up a Community regimefor the control of exports, transfer, brokering and transit of dual-use items, http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=0J:L:2009:134:0001:0269:en:PDF

Director A., Levi E. (1956), Law and the future: Trade regulation, Nw. UL Rev.

European Parliament amendments adopted on 5 April 2011 to the proposal for a regulation of the European Parliament and o f the Council amending Regulation (EC) No 1334/2000 setting up a Community regime fo r the control o f exports o f dual-use items and technology (C0M(2008)0854 - C7-0062/2010 - 2008/0249(C0D)), http://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getDoc.do?type=TA&language=EN&reference=P7-TA-2011-0125.

European Union Restrictive measures (sanctions) in force (Regulations based on Article 215 TFEU and Decisions adopted in the framework o f the Common Foreign and Security Policy), http://eeas.europa.eu/cfsp/sanctions/docs/measures_en.pdf.

FIDH (2014), Surveillance Technologies "Made in Europe”. Regulation Needed to Prevent Human Rights Abuses.

Fliess B. (2014), Transparency of Export Restrictions.

Freedom o f expression and assembly in Egypt, European Parliament resolution of 17 July 2014 on freedom o f expression and assembly in Egypt (2014/2728(RSP)),P8_TAPR0V(2014)0007, http://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/seance_pleniere/textes_adoptes/provisoire/2014/07-17/P8_TA-PR0V%282014%2907-17_EN.doc.

Gohdes A. R. (2015), Pulling the plug: Network disruptions and violence in civil conflict, “Journal of Peace Research”.

Hern A. (2015), Hacking Team hacked: firm sold spying tools to repressive regimes, documents claim, http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2015/jul/06/hacking-team-hacked-firm-sold-spying-tools-to-repressive-regimes-documents-claim, July 29, 2015.

Holtom P. et al. (2013), Trends in international arms transfers, 2012.

Hosein G., Palow C. (2013), Modern safeguards fo r modern surveillance: An analysis of innovations in communications surveillance techniques, 0hio St. LJ.

Information Note, Council Regulation (EC) No 428/2009 setting up a Community regime fo r the control of exports, transfer, brokering and transit o f dual-use items: Information on measures adopted by Member States in conformity with Articles 5, 6, 8,9, 10, 17 and 22 2012/C 283/05, http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=uriserv:0J.C_.2012.283.01.0004.01.ENG.

Joint Public Hearing 0 n Human rights and technologies: the impact of digital surveillance and intrusion systems on human rights in third countries, Subcommittee on Human Rights Committee on International Trade, Wednesday 21 January 2015, www.europarl.europa.eu/meetdocs/2014_2019/documents/inta/dv/hearingdigitalsurv_ prog_/hearingdigitalsurv_prog_en.pdf

Maras M.-H. (2013), From Target to Mass Surveillance: is the EU Data Retention Directive a necessary measure or an unjustified threat to Internet Privacy, in: New Directions in Surveillance Privacy, eds. B. J. Goold, D. Neylan, Routledge.

Outcome of the Council Meeting, 3348th Council meeting, Foreign Affairs, Trade, Brussels, 15792/14 (0R. en), Presse 598, PR C0 60 21 November 2014, www.consilium.europa.eu/uedocs/cms_Data/docs/pressdata/EN/foraf/145922.pdf.

Rajan R., (2009), Cycle-proof regulation, “The Economist”.

Regulation (EU) No 599/2014 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 April 2014 amending Council Regulation (EC) No 428/2009 setting up a Community regimefor the control of ex ports, transfer, brokering and transit o f dual-use items, http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legalcontent/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:32014R0599&from=EN.

Silver V. (2011), Spies Fail to Escape Spyware in $5 Billion Bazaar fo r Cyber Arms, Bloomberg Business.

The Export Control Order 2008, http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2008/3231/schedule/3/made.

The Review o f export control policy: ensuring security and competitiveness in a changing world, Communication from the Commission to the Council and the European Parliament, Brussels, 24.4.2014 C0M(2014) 244 final, http://trade.ec.europa.eu/doclib/docs/2014/april/tradoc_152446.pdf.

Wagner B., Guarnieri C. (2014), German Companies Are Selling Unlicensed Surveillance Technologies to Human Rights Violators - and Making Millions, Global Voices.

Wagner B. (2012), After the Arab Spring: New Paths fo r Human Rights and the Internet in European Foreign Policy, Brussels, Belgium.

WaleedK. (2011), What was Iraq’s role in the export o f banned US-made web watching gear to Syria? Niqash: briefings from inside and across Iraq.

Wassenaar Arrangement on Export Controls fo r Conventional Arms and Dual-Use Goods and Technologies, http://www.wassenaar.org/participants/index.html.