EWOLUCJA ZAGROŻENIA TERRORYSTYCZNEGO NA BLISKIM WSCHODZIE W 2016 ROKU
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Abstrakt
Przedmiotem rozważań w niniejszym artykule jest problematyka ewolucji zagrożenia terrorystycznego na Bliskim Wschodzie w 2016 r. W tym celu analizie poddano, po pierwsze, istotę i determinanty współczesnego zagrożenia terrorystycznego. Wskazano także najważniejsze podmioty terrorystyczne aktywne na Bliskim Wschodzie. Po drugie – przedstawiono chronologię i najważniejsze trendy w ramach aktywności terrorystycznej w tym regionie. I wreszcie, po trzecie, skupiono się na predykcji najważniejszych trendów rozwoju powyższego fenomenu w 2017 r. i kolejnych latach.
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Wejkszner, A. (2017). EWOLUCJA ZAGROŻENIA TERRORYSTYCZNEGO NA BLISKIM WSCHODZIE W 2016 ROKU. Przegląd Strategiczny, (10), 497-510. https://doi.org/10.14746/ps.2017.1.26
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Dział
Strategiczny przegląd bezpieczeństwa na świecie
Teksty opublikowane na łamach czasopisma "Przegląd Strategiczny" i udostępniane w formacie PDF objęte są licencją CC BY 4.0 (Creative Commons - Uznanie autorstwa). Kopiowanie i rozpowszechnianie dozwolone jest pod warunkiem uznania autorstwa.
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