Abstrakt
The main aim of this article is to show the evolution of Islamic terrorism in the Philippines. This country has been plagued by insurgencies throughout the history. The Muslim secessionist movement in the Southern Philippines is rooted in the centuries-old resistance of Muslim Filipinos against Spanish colonization. The destruction of the traditional patterns of authority, destruction of communal autonomy and the introduction of a new religion fueled the resistance of the Muslims in Mindanao.
The Muslim secessionist movement is comprised at the onset of the XXI century of two main groups: The Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF) and the Abu Sayyaf Group. These groups with links to Al Qaeda have established the Islamic foothold in the Southern Philippines in past two decades.
The Moro Islamist Liberation Front (MILF) have been the vanguard of the Islamic movement in the Bangsamoro homeland in Mindanao and the neighbouring islands. The MILF was officially formed in 1984. Its founder, Hashim Salamat, supported by ethnic Maguindanaos from Mindanao, split few years earlier from the Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF). In January 1987, the MNLF signed an agreement relinquishing its goal of independence for Muslim regions and accepting the government’s offer of autonomy. The Moro Islamic Liberation Front refused to accept the accord. MILF has been non active as a terrorist organization since 2003.
Abu Sayyaf was founded by a Philippine veteran of Afghan-SovietWar. It has gone through several iterations since its emergence in 1991. It devolved from an Islamist militant organization bent on creating a separate Muslim state in the southern Philippines to a loose collection of kidnap-for-ransom gangs after the 1998 death of founder Abdurajak Abubakar Janjalani. Now a much leaner group than it was Abu Sayyaf continues to exist as several different factions.
Bibliografia
Abu Sayyaf Group, Australian Government, http://www.ag.gov.au/agd/WWW/nationalsecuri-ty.nsf/Page/What_Governments_are_doing_Listing_of_Terrorism_Organisations_Abu_Sayyaf_Group.
Abuza Z., Balik-Terrorism: The Return of the Abu Sayyaf, Strategic Studies Institute, U.S. Army War College, Carlisle, September 2005.
Abuza Z., Militant Islam in Southeast Asia. Crucible of Terror, Lynne Rienner Publishers, Boulder–London 2003.
Abuza Z., The Moro Islamic Liberation Front at 20: State of Revolution, „Studies in Conflict and Terrorism”, Vol. 28, Issue 6, November/December 2005.
Amarille R., Government of the Republic of the Philippines – Moro Islamic Liberation Front Peace Talks. A Bold Move to Counter Terrorism, U.S. Army War College, Carlisle 2006.
Banlaoi R. C., The Abu Sayyaf Group and Terrorism in the Southern Philippines Seven Years after 9/11: Threat and Response, PIPVTR Monograph No. 2, September 2008.
Banlaoi R. C., The Abu Sayyaf Group. From Mere Banditry to Genuine Terrorism, „Southeast Asian Affairs” 2006.
Chalk P., Rabasa A., Rosenau W., Piggott L., The Evolving Terrorist Threat to Southeast Asia. A Net Assessment, RAND, Santa Monica 2009.
Death Toll climbs to five in bus bombing, CNN, http://www.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/asia-pcf/01/26/philippines.bus.bomb/index.html, 26 stycznia 2011.
Elegant S., The Return of Abu Sayyaf, „Time”, 23 August 2004, http://www.time.com/time/ma-gazine/article/0,9171,686107,00.html.
Filler A. L., The Abu Sayyaf Group. A Growing Menace to Civil Society, http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/publication/books/global/filler.htm.
Kuppuswamy C. S., Philippines. The Moro Islamic Liberation Front imbroglio, South Asia Analysis Group, Paper no. 765, http://www.southasiaanalysis.org/papers8/paper765.html.
Manalo E. P., The Philippine Response To Terrorism: The Abu Sayyaf Group, NPS, Monterey 2004.
McKenna T. M., Muslim Rulers and Rebels: Everyday Politics and Armed Separatism in Sothern Philippines, University of California Press, Berkeley 1998.
Merriam-Webster’s Online Dictionary, http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/mestizo?show= 0&t=1282892145.
Moro Islamic Liberation Front. Backgrounder, http://www.luwaran.com/Home/index.php?option=com_content&view=section&layout=blog&id=21&Itemid=400.
Nagma E., Disarming the Bearer of the Sword: Delinking the Abu Sayyaf Group from the Global Insurgency, NWC, Newport 2006.
Philippines Terrorism: The Role of Militant Islamic Converts, Asia Report No 110, International Crisis Group, 19 December 2005.
Rojas F. R., PCTC Paper on Terrorism (Philippines), http://www.pctc.gov.ph/papers/Interna-tionalTerrorism.html. sierpień 2010.
Seachon A. R. L., Insurgencies in History: A Blueprint for Future Strategy, „OG5 Digest”, October–December 2004, http://www.army.mil.ph/OG5_articlesInsegencies.htm.
Thayer C., Political Terrorism in Southeast Asia, „Pointer: Quarterly Journal of the Singapore Armed Forces”, Vol. 29, Nr 4, October–December 2003.
Torres jr. J., Into the Mountain: Hostages by the Abu Sayyaf, Claretian Publications, Quezon City 2001.
Licencja
Teksty opublikowane na łamach czasopisma "Przegląd Strategiczny" i udostępniane w formacie PDF objęte są licencją CC BY 4.0 (Creative Commons - Uznanie autorstwa). Kopiowanie i rozpowszechnianie dozwolone jest pod warunkiem uznania autorstwa.