FROM SURGE TO ISLAMIC STATE. CAUSES AND DETERMINANTS OF DESTABILIZATION IN IRAQ AFTER 2011
PDF (Język Polski)

How to Cite

Karczewski, M. (2015). FROM SURGE TO ISLAMIC STATE. CAUSES AND DETERMINANTS OF DESTABILIZATION IN IRAQ AFTER 2011. Strategic Review, (8), 195–209. https://doi.org/10.14746/ps.2015.1.14

Abstract

The aim of this paper is to examine main causes and determinants that have contributed to the destabilization of Iraq after the withdrawal of American forces in 2011. The focus will be on the factors that caused the increase in sectarian violence, especially in respect to Shia–Sunni relations. The paper also explains main chain of events that created favorable conditions for the emergence of the Islamic State. An organization which pose a threat to the entire region and can lead to disintegration of Iraq.
https://doi.org/10.14746/ps.2015.1.14
PDF (Język Polski)

References

Amnesty International Report 2013. The State of The World’s Human Rights, Amnesty International http://files.amnesty.or/air13/AmnestyInternational_AnnualReport2013_complete_en.pdf (12.12.2014).

April bloodiest month in Iraq since 2008: U.N, „Reuters” 02.05.2013.

Blanchard Ch., Humud C., Nikitin M. (2014), Armed conflict in Syria. Overview and U.S. response, Congressional Research Service Report, Washington.

Brennan R., Ries C. et al. (2013), Ending the U.S. war in Iraq: the final transition, operational maneuver, and disestablishment of United States Forces-Iraq, Santa Monica.

Brylew M. (2014), Nouri al-Maliki, a charismatic leader or a new dictator of Iraq?, w: Multi-vector politics in modern Asia, (eds.) J. Marszałek-Kawa, E. Kaja, Toruń.

Chulov M. (2010), Sons of Iraq turned the tide for the US. Now they pay the price, „The Guardian” 13.05.2010.

Chulov M. (2014), Islamic State has exposed peshmerga’s military vulnerability, „The Guardian” 12.08.2014.

Cordesman A. (2010), Iraq and the United States: Creating a Strategic Partnership, Center for Strategic and International Studies, June 2010, Washington.

Cordesman A., Khazai S. (2012), Iraq After USWithdrawal: US Policy and the Iraqi Search for Security and Stability, Center for Strategic and International Studies, Washington.

Cordesman A., Khazai S. (2014), Iraq in Crisis, Center for Strategic and International Studies, Washington.

Dahlman C. T. (2011), Breaking Iraq: Reconstruction as War, w: Reconstructing Conflict: Integrating War and Post-War Geographies, (eds.) S. Kirsch, C. Flint, Surrey.

FM 3-24. Counterinsurgency (2006), Headquarters Department of Army Washington, http://bl-libg-doghill.ads.iu.edu/gpd-web/coin-fm3-24.pdf (12.03.2014).

Fontan V. (2009), Voices from post-Saddam Iraq. Living with terrorism, insurgency, and new forms of tyranny, London.

Galbraith P. (2008), Unintended Consequences. How War in Iraq Strengthened America’s Enemies, New York.

Gordon M. (2012), In U.S. Exit From Iraq, Failed Efforts and Challenges, „The New York Times”, 22.09.2012.

Hamoudi H. A. (2014), Negotiating in Civil Conflict: Constitutional Construction and Imperfect Bargaining in Iraq, Chicago–London.

Harding L. (2014), Haider al-Abadi: from exile in Britain to Iraq’s next prime minister, „The Guardian” 11.08.2014.

Hill. Ch. (2014), How the Obama Administration Ignored Iraq. One ambassador’s story of an exit strategy gone wrong, „The Politico”, http://www.politico.com/magazine/stor/2014/10/how-the-obama-administration-disowned-iraq-111565.html#.VKQgo3uoM5x (12.11.2014).

Kagan K. (2009), The Surge: A Military History, New York.

Kilcullen D. (2009), The Accidental Guerrilla. Fighting Small Wars in the Midst of a Big One, New York.

Kirkpatrick D. (2014), Sunnis Fear Permanent Displacement From Iraqi Town, „New York Times”, 5.12.2014.

Make or Break: Iraq’s Sunnis and the State (2013), Crisis Group Middle East Report, No. 144.

Malas N., Nissenbaum D., Abi-Habib M. (2014), U.S.-led Airstrikes Disrupt Islamic State, But Extremists Hold Territory, „The Wall Street Journal”, 5.10.2014.

Mason C. R. (2009), U.S.-Iraq Withdrawal/Status of Forces Agreement: Issues for Congressional Oversight, Congressional Research Service Report, Washington.

Measuring stability and security in Iraq (2008), Report to Congress in accordance with the Department of Defense Appropriations Act 2008 (Section 9010).

Parkinson J., Entous A. (2014), How Kurds Came to Play Key Role in U.S. Plans to Combat Islamic State, „The Wall Street Journal”, 8.09.2014.

Pleasance C. (2014), How Iraq’s military is fighting back ISIS... under the guidance of Iran’s powerful general, „Daily Mail”, 5.11.2014.

Plebani A. (2014), The unfolding legacy of Al-Qa’ida in Iraq: from al-Zarqawi to the new Islamic Qaliphate, w: New (and old) patterns of jihadism: Al-Qa‘ida, the Islamic State and beyond, (eds.) A. Plebani, Milan.

Qarawee H. (2014), Iraq’s budget problems go beyond Erbil-Baghdad crisis, „Al-Monitor”, 28.02.2014.

Rabinovich I. (2014), The End of Sykes-Picot? Reflections on the Prospects of the Arab State System, Middle East Memo, No. 32, Washington.

Rasheed A. (2014), Oil smuggling finances Islamic State’s new caliphate, „Reuters”, 23.07.2014.

Report to Congress on the situation in Iraq. General David H. Petraeus. Commander, Multi-National Force-Iraq (2007), http://www.defense.gov/pubs/pdfs/PetraeusTestimony20070910.pdf (20.04.2014).

Sasnal P. (2014), Scenariusze rozwoju kryzysu w Iraku, „Biuletyn PISM” nr 81 (1193), http://www.pism.pl/files/?id_plik=17647, 29.01.2015.

Shimko K. L. (2010), The Iraq Wars and America’s Military Revolution, New York.

Smalec Ł. (2012), Polityka bezpieczeñstwa Stanów Zjednoczonych wobec Iraku 2001–2011, w: Stracona dekada? Polityka bezpieczeństwa Stanów Zjednoczonych wobec „globalnych obszarów niestabilności” (Iraku, Iranu, KRL-D oraz Afganistanu) w latach 2001–2011, (red.) Ł. Smalec, Warszawa.

Sullivan M. (2013), Malikis Authoritarian Regime, Middle East Security Report 10, Institute for The Study of War, Washington.

The Iraq Study Group Report: TheWay Forward – A New Approach (2006), (eds.) J. Baker, L. Hamilton, et al., http://media.usip.org/reports/iraq_study_group_report.pdf (11.02.2014).

The Iraq war encyclopedia (2013), (ed.) T. Mockaitis, Santa Barbara.

Wejkszner A. (2010), Ewolucja terroryzmu motywowanego ideologią religijną na przykładzie salafickiego ruchu globalnego dżihadu, Poznań.

Withnall A. (2014), Iraq crisis: Isis declares its territories a new Islamic state with ‘restoration of caliphate’ in Middle East, „The Independent”, 30.06.2014.