Słowa kluczowe
Ukraina
Rosja
wojna
Jak cytować
Abstrakt
W artykule dokonano przeglądu naruszeń praw człowieka popełnionych przez Rosjan w Ukrainie w okresie od 24 lutego 2022 r. do 1 czerwca 2022 r. Argumentuje się w nim, że system ochrony praw człowieka nie miał istotnego wpływu na Rosję i okazał się nieskuteczny w czasie wojny. Artykuł dotyczy zasad międzynarodowego prawa praw człowieka i międzynarodowego prawa humanitarnego, które mogą być stosowane w czasie wojny.
Bibliografia
Alfonso III F. (2022), The mayor of Melitopol, Ukraine, has been abducted, officials say, NPR, 11.03.2022, https://www.npr.org/2022/03/11/1086153544/melitopol-mayor-abducted, 30.07.2022.
Bida O., Zvil’nena vid okupantiv Kyyivshchyna: brats’ki mohyly, rozstrilyani dity, obhorili tila vzdovzh dorohy [Kyiv Region liberated from the occupiers: mass graves, shot children, burnt bodies along the road], Hromadske, https://hromadske.ua/posts/zvilnena-vid-okupantiv-kiyivshina-bratski-mogili-rozstrilyani-diti-obgorili-tila-vzdovzh-dorogi, 26.07.2022.
Bohdanyok O. (2022), Rosiya vyvezla z Ukrayiny vzhe 200 tysyach ditey – Minoborony RF [Russia has already deported 200,000 children from Ukraine – Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation], Suspilne, 03.05.2022, https://suspilne.media/235166-rosia-vivezlaz-ukraini-vze-200-tisac-ditej-minoboroni-rf/#:~:text=Що%20відомо,прав%20дітей%20та%20дитячої%20реабілітації, 28.07.2022.
Chart of signatures and ratifications of Treaty 005, Council of Europe, https://www.coe.int/en/web/conventions/fulllist?module=signatures-bytreaty&treatynum=005, 07.08.2022.
Collier I. (2022), Ukraine war: Russian troops appear to open fire on peaceful protesters in Kherson, Sky news, 21.03.2022, https://news.sky.com/story/ukrainewar-footage-shows-russian-troops-appearing-to-fire-on-peaceful-protestersin-kherson-12572208, 30.07.2022.
Conflict-related civilian casualties in Ukraine (2022), United Nations, https://ukraine.un.org/sites/default/files/2022-02/Conflict-related%20civilian%20casualties%20as%20of%2031%20December%202021%20%28rev%2027%20January%202022%29%20corr%20EN_0.pdf?fbclid=IwAR2Z0he3Nbqocz05jslIJo3xyur3d1Vi1ccME1mkaLSVrKop5ugEHfiBxQ.
Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (1984), New York, 10 December, “United Nations, Treaty Series”, vol. 1465, p. 85, https://treaties.un.org/pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-9&chapter=4&clang=_en.
Convention on the Rights of the Child (1989), New York, 20 November, “United Nations, Treaty Series”, vol. 1577, p. 3, https://treaties.un.org/pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-11&chapter=4&clang=_en.
Council of Europe, European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, as amended by Protocols Nos. 11 and 14, 4 November1950,https://www.echr.coe.int/documents/convention_eng.pdf.
Glass A. (2015), United Nations adopts Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Dec. 10, 1948, Politico, 12.10.2015, https://www.politico.com/story/2015/12/united-nations-adopts-universal-declaration-of-human-rightsdec-10-1948-216489, 25.07.2022.
Heintz J., Karmanaum Y., Chernov M. (2020), Russia attacks Ukraine nuclear plant as invasion advances, AP News, 04.03.2020, https://apnews.com/article/russia-ukraine-war-a3092d8e476949ed7c55607a645a9154, 30.07.2022.
Honcharenko O. (2020), Verkhovna Rada zvernulasya do YUNESKO shchodo pozbavlennya rosiyi statusu derzhavy-chlena YUNESKO [The Verkhovna Rada
appealed to UNESCO about depriving Russia of the status of a UNESCO member state], Telegram post, 31.05.2020, https://t.me/oleksiihoncharenko/ 21270, 02.08.2022.
Human Rights Watch, Russia, https://www.hrw.org/europe/central-asia/russia, 05.08.2022.
International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), Geneva Convention relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War (Third Geneva Convention), 12 August 1949, https://www.un.org/en/genocideprevention/documents/atrocity-crimes/Doc.32_GC-III-EN.pdf.
International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), Geneva Convention Relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War (Fourth Geneva Convention), 12 August 1949,https://www.un.org/en/genocideprevention/documents/atrocity-crimes/Doc.33_GC-IV-EN.pdf.
International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts (Protocol I), Geneva, 8 June 1977, https://www.icrc.org/en/doc/assets/files/other/icrc_002_0321.pdf.
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, New York, 16 December 1966, “United Nations, Treaty Series”, vol. 999, p. 171 and vol. 1057, p. 407, https:// treaties.un.org/pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-4&chapter=4&clang=_en.
International Criminal Court (2023), Situation in Ukraine: ICC judges issue arrest warrants against Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin and Maria Alekseyevna Lvova-Belova, 17 March 2023, https://www.icc-cpi.int/news/situationukraine-icc-judges-issue-arrest-warrants-against-vladimir-vladimirovich-putin-and?fbclid=IwAR1375XrxJw-fGnQcX1FzWHVziIZJLSxF-FtQ24soosx-1vVp2_bpkDWe-HA, 18.04.2023.
Kyrylyuk T. (2022), MOZ Ukrayiny: Pid chas viyny poshkodzheno 500 medzakladiv, 40 z nykh – zruynovano [Ministry of Health of Ukraine: 500 medical facilitieswere damaged during the war, 40 of them were destroyed], DW, 07.05.2022, https://www.dw.com/uk/moz-ukrainy-povidomliaie-pro-poshkodzhennia-500-medzakladiv-40-z-nykhzruinovano/a-61720855, 01.08.2022. DOI: https://doi.org/10.55006/biolsciences.2021.1102
Macias A. (2022), UN votes to remove Russia from Human Rights Council, CNBC, 07.04.2022, https://www.cnbc.com/2022/04/07/un-votes-to-remove-russiafrom-human-rights-council.html, 25.07.2022.
Mirovalev M. (2022), Bucha killings: ‘The world cannot be tricked anymore’, Al Jazeera, 04.04.2022, https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/4/4/will-the-buchamassacre-wake-up-the-world, 25.07.2022.
Office of the Prosecutor General, Yuvenal’ni prokurory: vnaslidok zbroynoyi ahresiyi RF v Ukrayini zahynuly 242 dytyny [Juvenile prosecutors: 242 children died as a result of the armed aggression of the Russian Federation in Ukraine], Telegram post, 28.05.2022, https://t.me/pgo_gov_ua/4255, 27.07.2022.
Petrenko R. (2022), Rosiyany vbyly 10 lyudey, yaki stoyaly v cherzi za khlibom u Chernihovi [Russians killed 10 people who were standing in line for bread in Chernihiv], “Pravda”, 16.03.2022, https://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2022/03/16/7331872/. 26.07.2022.
President Zelensky: Russia violated about 400 international treaties since 2014, Ukrinform, 10.06.2022, https://www.ukrinform.net/rubric-polytics/350392-4-president-zelensky-russia-violated-about-400-international-treaties-since-2014.html, 03.08.2022.
Russia ceases to be a Party to the European Convention on Human Rights on 16 September 2022, Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe, 23.03.2022, https://www.coe.int/en/web/portal/-/russia-ceases-to-be-a-party-to-the-european-convention-of-human-rights-on-16-september-2022, 25.07.2022.
Russian army destroyed almost 38,000 houses in Ukraine – Denisova, Ukrinform, 13.05.2022, https://www.ukrinform.net/rubric-ato/3482001-russian-army-destroyed-almost-38000-houses-in-ukraine-denisova.html, 02.08.2022.
Sharma S. (2022), Putin ‘resettling Ukrainians 5,500 miles away in Siberia and far east Russia’, report claims, Independent, 12.04.2022, https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/russia-ukraine-resettling-siberia-putinb2056054.html, 30.07.2022.
Shovkoplias I. (2022), Bucha massacre, nightmares of Irpin and Hostomel, war.ukraine.ua, 06.04.2022, https://war.ukraine.ua/crimes/the-timeline-of-tragedybucha-massacre-nightmares-of-irpin-and-hostomel/, 29.07.2022.
Shtohrin I. (2019), Pidhotovka do viyny chy strakh pered trybunalom. Chomu Putin protystavlyaye Rosiyu mizhnarodnomu humanitarn [Preparation for war or fear of the tribunal. Why Putin opposes Russia to international humanitarian law], Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, 19.10.2019, https://www.radiosvoboda.org/a/putin-viyna-gumanitarne-pravo/30225406.html, 25.07.2022.
Sommerville Q., I watched from afar Russia’s latest merciless assault on Severodonetsk, BBC, 30.05.2022, https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-61634050, 29.07.2022.
UA War Infographics (2022), More civilians were killed in 3 months than in 8 years, Telegram post, 24.05.2022, https://t.me/uawarinfographics/602?fbclid=IwAR3dRvZNPGukqtFb0faqeJp5DYnwDvjot9myyRgz-5Sqm71j8WnVZLz9nfQ, 26.07.2022.
Ukraine: civilian casualty update 23 May 2022, Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, 23.05.2022, https://www.ohchr.org/en/news/2022/05/ukraine-civilian-casualty-update-23-may-2022?fbclid=IwAR05HPHYeUZrar-5P8LNAZG7-fFPR7iTL-LnYrVcJV89f6Y6frzQ0Zg-dag, 07.08.2022.
Ukraine: Russian Forces Fired On Civilian Vehicles, Human Rights Watch, 02.05.2022, https://www.hrw.org/news/2022/05/02/ukraine-russian-forces--fired-civilian-vehicles, 26.07.2022.
Ukraine war: Three dead as maternity hospital hit by Russian air strike, BBC, 10.03.2022, https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-60675599, 01.08.2022.
Ukrinform TV (2022), Zvernennya Prezydenta Ukrayiny Volodymyra Zelens’koho naprykintsi 87-ho dnya viyny [Address of the President of Ukraine VolodymyrZelensky at the end of the 87th day of the war], Youtube, 21.05.2022, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=juBejdpbFa0. 01.08.2022.
Voitovych O., Hodge N. (2022), Dozens killed in train station missile strike in eastern Ukraine as civilians try to flee Russian onslaught, CNN, 11.04.2022, https://edition.cnn.com/2022/04/08/europe/kramatorsk-railway-station-strike-intl/index.html. 30.07.2022.
Walker S., Roth A. (2022), ‘They took our clothes’: Ukrainians returning to looted homes, “The Guardian”, 11.04.2022, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/apr/11/ukrainian-homes-looted-by-russian-soldiers, 03.08.2022.
Zelenskyy: A Russian soldier from Pskov raped an infant in Ukraine, “Pravda”,12.04.2022, https://www.pravda.com.ua/eng/news/2022/04/12/7339062/, 27.07.2022. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0042-1748075
Zinets N. (2022), Almost 5,000 killed in Mariupol since Russian siege began, mayor’s office, Reuters, 29.03.2022, https://www.reuters.com/world/mariupol-mayorfears-humanitarian-catastrophe-says-city-must-be-completely-2022-03-28/. 26.07.2022.
Federal’nyy zakon ot 12.11.2019 № 368-FZ “Ob otzyve zayavleniya, sdelannogo pri ratifikatsii Dopolnitel’nogo protokola k Zhenevskim konventsiyam ot 12 avgusta 1949 goda, kasayushchegosya zashchity zhertv mezhdunarodnykh vooruzhennykh konfliktov (Protokol I)” [Federal Law No. 368-FZ of November 12, 2019 “On the withdrawal of the declaration made upon ratification of the Additional Protocol to the Geneva Conventions of August 12, 1949, concerning the protection of victims of international armed conflicts (Protocol I)], 12.11.2019, Official Internet portal of legal information, http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201911120051?index=0&rangeSize=1.
