Słowa kluczowe
polityka oświatowa
Partia Konserwatywna
Partia Pracy
Anglia
Jak cytować
Abstrakt
Edukacja obywatelska w Anglii została wprowadzona do szkół, jako odrębny i obowiązkowy przedmiot w 2002 roku. Jej implementacji – poza celami merytorycznymi wyrażonymi w tzw. Raporcie Cricka (1998) – przyświecały również cele polityczne wyrażone w programie Partii Pracy. Szkolna edukacja obywatelska stała się przedmiotem zainteresowań rożnych aktorów społecznych: naukowców, komentatorów, polityków, nauczycieli. Od momentu jej wprowadzenia następowały zmiany w programach nauczania, będących konsekwencją zarówno transformacji politycznych, jak i zmian na szczeblach władzy. Celem niniejszego artykułu jest próba analizy i rekonstrukcji politycznych i społecznych uwarunkowań edukacji obywatelskiej w systemie szkolnictwa obowiązkowego w Anglii. Rozważania zawarte w niniejszym artykule zostały podzielone na cztery kluczowe okresy, obejmujące lata (1998–2020), w których rządy Laburzystów, a następnie konserwatystów dokonywały reform w programach kształcenia mających znaczenie dla szkolnej edukacji obywatelskiej.
Bibliografia
Alexander C., Weeks-Bernard D. (2017), History Lessons: Inequality, Diversity and the National Curriculum, „Race, Ethnicity and Education”, 20 (4).
Ashcroft R., Bevir M. (2016), Pluralism, National Identity and Citizenship: Britain after Brexit, „The Political Quarterly”, 87 (3).
Banks J. A. i in. (2005), Democracy and diversity: Principles and Concepts for Educating Citizens in a Global Age, University of Washington, Seattle.
Beck J. (2012), A Brief History of Citizenship Education in England and Wales, w: Debates in Citizenship Education, red. J. Arthur, H. Cremin, Routledge, London–New York.
Berger P. L., Luckman T. (1983), Społeczne tworzenie rzeczywistości, Państwowy Instytut Wydawniczy, Warszawa.
Blunkett urges citizenship debate, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/1703322.stm, 19.02.2014.
Brett P. (2007), Identity and Diversity: Citizenship Education and Looking Forwards from the Ajegbo Report, http://www.citized.info/pdf/commarticles/Peter%20Brett%20%20Identity%20and%20Diversity.pdf, 21.03.2017.
Davies I., Chong E. K. M. (2016), Current challenges for citizenship education in England, “Asian Education and Development Studies”, 5 (1).
Department for Education and Skills (DfES) (2007), Curriculum Review: Diversity and citizenship (Ajegbo Report).
Department for Education (DfE), (2014), National Curriculum, http://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/381754/SECONDARY_national_curriculum.pdf, 26.11.2017.
Department for Education (2014a), Measures to help schools instil character in pupils announced, www.gov.uk, 13.04.2021.
Driver S., Martell L. (2000), Left, Right and the third way, „Policy & Politics”, 28 (2).
Dudenhoefer A. L. (2018), Resisting Radicalization: a Critical Analysis of the UK Prevent Duty, „Journal for the Deradicalization”, 14.
Education for Citizenship and Teaching Democracy in Schools (1998), Final Report of the Advisory Group of Citizenship, 22 September.
Faulks K. (2006), Education for Citizenship in England’s Secondary Schools: A Critique of Current Principle and Practice, „Journal of Education Policy”, 21 (1).
Figueroa P. (2007), Diversity and Citizenship Education in England, w: Diversity and Citizenship Education: Global Perspectives, red. J. Banks, Jossey-Bass, San Francisco.
Franklin T. (2017), Citizenship lessons more vital now than ever, „The Guardian”, 8.06.2017, https://www.theguardian.com/society/2017/jun/08/citizenship-lessons-in-schools-more-vital-now-than-ever, 29.12.2017.
Furedi F. (2015), Spot the Little Terrorist in Your Midst: Why it’s wrong to turn teachers into spies on extremist kids, https://www.spikedonline.com/newsite/article/spot-the-little-terrorist-in-yourclassroom/17137#.Vu6TPeKLRD-, 29.03.2017.
Gereluk D. (2012), Education, Extremism and Terrorism. What Should be Taught in Citizenship Education and Why, Continuum, London.
Gilroy P. (2004), After Empire: Multiculture or Postcolonial Melancholia, Routledge, London.
Ford R., Goodwin M. (2017), A Nation Divided, „Journal of Democracy”, 28 (1).
Green A. (2013), Education and State Formation: Europe, East Asia and the USA (2nd edition), Palgrave Macmillan, Basingstoke.
Grillo P. R. (2015), Reflections on British Multiculturalism, 1967–2014, w: Living with Difference Essays on Transnationalism and Multiculturalism, red. P. R. Grillo i in., B and RG Books of Lewes, Kindle Edition.
Guardia A. B. (2016), How Brexit vote broke down, “Politico”, https://www.politico.eu/article/graphics-how-the-uk-voted-eu-referendum-brexit-demographics-age-education-party-london-final-results/, 20.04.2018.
Guibernau M. (2007), The Identity of Nation, Polity, London.
Heater D. (1999), What is citizenship?, Polity Press, Cambridge.
Hejwosz-Gromkowska D. (2019), Edukacja obywatelska we współczesnej Anglii. Studium socjopedagogiczne, Wydawnictwo Naukowe UAM, Poznań.
HM Government, Building a Stronger Society (2010), https://www.gov.uk/government/consultations/supporting-a-stronger-civil-society, 3.03.2018.
Hopkins N. (2019), Democratic Socialism and Education: New Perspectives on Policy and Practice, Springer Interantional Publishing.
Keating A., Kerr D. (2013), Putting Participation into Practice: Re-evaluating the Implementation of the Citizenship Curriculum in England, w: Education for Civic and Political Participation: A Critical Approach, red. R. Hedtke, T. Zimenkova, Routledge, London.
Kerr D. i in. (2007), Vision vs Pragmatism: Citizenship in the Secondary School Curriculum in England, NFER, London.
Kerr D., Smith A., Twine C. (2008), Citizenship Education in the United Kingdom, w: Education for Citizenship and Democracy, red. J. Arthur, I. Davies, C. Hahn, Sage, London.
Kerr D. (2013), National Curriculum Implications for Citizenship London, Citizenship Foundation, http://www.citizenshipfoundation.org.uk/lib_res_pdf/1614.pdf, 9.12.2017.
Layton-Henry Z. (2003), Citizenship and Nationality in Britain, w: Challenging Racism in Britain and Germany, red. Z. Layton-Henry, C. Wilpert, Palgrave Macmilian, London.
Lister M. (2015), Citizens, Doing It for Themselves? The Big Society and Government through Community, „Parliamentary Affairs”, 68.
Malik A. (2012), Citizenship Education, Race and Community Cohesion, w: Debates in Citizenship Education, red. J. Arthur, H. Cremin, Routledge, London–New York.
McGhee D. (2008), The end of Multiculturalism. Terrorism, Integration and Human Rights, Open University Press, Berkshire.
Melosik Z. (1998), Wychowanie obywatelskie: nowoczesność, ponowoczesność. (Próba konfrontacji), w: Wychowanie obywatelskie. Studium teoretyczne, porównawcze i empiryczne, red. Z. Melosik, K. Przyszczypkowski, Poznań–Toruń.
Nussbaum M. C. (2012), The New Religious Intolerance: Overcoming the Politics of Fear in an Anxious Age, Belknap Press, Cambridge, Mass–London.
Osler A. (2008), Citizenship education and the Ajegbo Report: Re-imagining a Cosmopolitan Nation, „London Review of Education”, 6 (1).
Osler A. (2009), Patriotism, Multiculturalism and Belonging: Political Discourse and the Teaching of History, „Educational Review”, 61 (1).
Osler A. (2016), Citizenship, Education, Social Justice and Brexit, RI Summer.
Osler A. (2016a), Human Rights and Schooling: An Ethical Framework for Teaching Social Justice, Teaching College Press, New York.
Osler A., Starkey H. (2001), Citizenship Education and National Identities in France and England: Inclusive or Exclusive?, „Oxford Review of Education”, 27 (2).
Osler A., Starkey H. (2003), Learning for Cosmopolitan Citizenship: Theoretical Debates and Young People’s Experiences, „Educational Review”, 55 (3).
Osler A., Starkey H. (2005), Changing Citizenship: Democracy and Inclusion in Education, Open University Press, Maidenhead.
Osler A., Starkey H. (2006), Education for Democratic Citizenship: A Review of Research, Policy and Practice During 1995–2005, „Research Papers in Education”, 21 (4).
O’Toole F. (2016), Brexit is being driven by English nationalism. And it will end in self-rule, „The Guardian”, 19.06.2016, https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2016/jun/18/england-eu-referendum-brexit, 29.03.2018.
Owen D. (2013), Future Identities: Changing Identities in the UK – the next 10 years, Government Office for Science, London.
Sales R. (2010), What is ‘Britishness’, and is it Important?, w: Citizenship Acquisition and National Belonging, red. G. Calder, D. Cole, J. Seglow, Palgrave Macmillan, London.
Smith K. (2016), Curriculum, Culture and Citizenship Education in Wales. Investigations into the Curriculum Cymreig, Palgrave Macmillan, London.
Starkey H. (2008), Antiracism, w: Education for Citizenship and Democracy, red. J. Arthur, I. Davies, C. Hahn, Sage, London.
The British Academy (2017), English identity and the Governance of England, London, https://www.britac.ac.uk/governing-england-devolution-and-identity, 8.06.2018.
The Electoral Commission, The 2016 UE Referendum, http://www.electoralcommission.org.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0008/215279/2016-EU-referendum-report.pdf, 9.02.2018.
Watson M. (2020), Michael Gove’s war on professional historical expertise: conservative curriculum reform, extreme whig history and the place of imperial heroes in modern multicultural Britain, “British Politics”, 15.
Ward P. (2009), The end of Britishness? A Historical Perspective, „British Politics Review”, 4 (3).
Wright O., Taylor J. (2011), Cameron: My war on multiculturalism, „The Independent”, 5.02.2011, http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/cameron-my-war-on-multiculturalism-2205074.html, 7.09.2017.