Słowa kluczowe
Unia Europejska
autonomia strategiczna
suwerenność europejska
think-tanki
Jak cytować
Abstrakt
Od momentu publikacji Globalnej Strategii Unii Europejskiej (UE) z 2016 roku, która przedstawiła Europejską Autonomię Strategiczną (EAS) jako „globalną ambicję” UE, koncepcja EAS staje się coraz bardziej zakorzeniona w politykach UE. Jednocześnie, znaczenie tej koncepcji pozostaje ulotne w związku z dużą ilością różniących się od siebie definicji i interpretacji. Celem artykułu jest wskazanie i przeanalizowanie jak koncepcja EAS jest definiowana, a także weryfikacja przyjętej hipotezy: pomimo wielu konkurujących konceptualizacji EAS, w UE wyłania się wspólna jej interpretacja. Artykuł pokazuje, jak idea ESA jest przyjmowana i jak ewoluuje w odniesieniu do europejskich think-tanków oraz instytucji UE. Badania, o które oparto artykuł obejmowały szeroki przegląd literatury uwzględniający publikacje naukowe, publikacje think-tanków i oficjalne dokumenty unijne, a także wywiady z urzędnikami UE i przedstawicielami europejskich think-tanków.
Finansowanie
This article is the result of a research project titled Role of the Institutions of the European Union in the Building of the European Strategic Autonomy (2020/37/N/HS5/02582) granted by the Polish National Science Centre.
Bibliografia
A Global Strategy for the European Union’s Foreign And Security Policy (2016), https://www.eeas.europa.eu/sites/default/files/eugs_review_web_0.pdf, 22.03.2021.
Analysis and Research Team (2021), Strategic Autonomy, Strategic Choices, Council of the European Union, Issues Paper 2, February 2021, https://www.consilium.europa.eu/media/49404/strategic-autonomy-issues-paper-5-february-2021-web.pdf (europa.eu).
Anghel S. et al. (2020), On the path to strategic autonomy. The EU in an evolving geopolitical environment, September 2020, European Parliamentary Research Service, https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/STUD/2020/652096/EPRS_STU(2020)652096_EN.pdf, 24.06.2023.
Arteaga F. (2017), Strategic autonomy and European Defence, 12.12.2017, Real Instituto Elcano, Ari 102/2017, https://www.realinstitutoelcano.org/en/analyses/strategic-autonomy-and-european-defence/, 30.05.2020.
Bartels H.-P., Kellner A. M., Optenhögel U. (2017), Strategic Autonomy and the Defence of Europe. On the Road to a European Army?, Deitz, Bonn.
Biscop S. (2015), Peace Without Money, War Without Americans. Can European Strategy Cope?, Ashgate, Surrey. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315599861
Biscop S. (2016), All or Nothing? European and British Strategic Autonomy after the Brexit, September 2016, Egmont Paper, no. 87, https://www.egmontinstitute.be/european-british-strategic-autonomy-after-brexit/, 30.05.2020.
Biscop S. (2019), Fighting for Europe. European Strategic Autonomy and the Use of Force, January 2019, Egmont Paper, no. 103, http://www.egmontinstitute.be/content/uploads/2019/01/EP103.pdf?type=pdf, 30.05.2020.
Borell J. (2020), Why European strategic autonomy matters, 3.12.2020, European External Action Service, https://www.eeas.europa.eu/eeas/why-european-strategic-autonomy-matters_en, 16.05.2021.
Brustlein C. (2018), European Strategic Autonomy: Balancing Ambition and Responsibility, IFRI, https://www.ifri.org/sites/default/files/atoms/files/brustlein_european_strategic_autonomy_2018.pdf, 18.07.2021.
Calcara A. (2020), European Defence Decision-Making. Dilemmas of Collaborative Arms Procurement, Routledge, New York. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780367853792
Cartensen M. B., Schmidt V. A. (2016), Power through, over and in ideas: Conceptualizing ideational power in discursive institutionalism, “Journal of European Public Policy”, vol. 23, no. 3. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13501763.2015.1115534
Cartensen M. B., Schmidt V. A. (2018), Ideational power and pathways to legitimation in the euro crisis, “Review of International Political Economy”, vol. 25, issue 6. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09692290.2018.1512892
Council of the European Union (2014), Council conclusions on CSDP, Brussels 18.11.2014, 15532/2/14.
Council of the European Union (2015), Council conclusions on CSDP, Brussels 18.05.2015, 8791/15.
Council of the European Union, Council conclusions on implementing the EU Global Strategy in the area of Security and Defence, 14149/16.
Crespy A., Vanheuverzwijn P. (2019), What “Brussels” means by structural reforms: empty signifier or constructive ambiguity?, “Comparative European Politics”, vol. 17. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/s41295-017-0111-0
Csernatoni R. (2022), The EU’s hegemonic imaginaries: from European strategic autonomy in defence to technological sovereignty, “European Security”, vol. 31, issue 3. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09662839.2022.2103370
Damen M. (2022), EU strategic autonomy 2013–2023. From concept to capacity, July 2022, European Parliamentary Research Service, https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/BRIE/2022/733589/EPRS_BRI(2022)733589_EN.pdf, 5.06.2023.
European Commission (2013), Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions: Towards a more competitive and efficient defence and security sector, COM(2013) 542 final, Brussels, 24.07.2013.
European Commission (2020), Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the European Council, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions: A New Industrial Strategy for Europe, COM(2020) 102 final, Brussels, 10.03.2020.
European Commission (2021), Trade Policy Review – An Open, Sustainable and Assertive Trade Policy, COM/2021/66 final, Brussels, 18.02.2021.
European Council (2013) European Council 19/20 December 2013 Conclusions, Brussels, 20 December 2013, EUCO 217/13, CO EUR 15 CONCL 8, 5.04.2022, https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2022/04/05/council-adopts-conclusions-on-strategic-autonomy-of-the-european-economic-and-financial-sector/, May 2023.
European Parliament resolution of 19 February 2009 on the European Security Strategy and ESDP, P6_TA (2009)0075, O.J. EU C 76E, Brussels 25.03.2010.
European Parliament resolution of 10 March 2010 on the implementation of the European Security Strategy and the Common Security and Defence Policy (2009/2198(INI)), O.J. EU CE 349/63, Brussels 22.12.2010.
European Parliament resolution of 21 November 2013 on the European Defence Technological and Industrial Base (2013/2125(INI)), O.J. EU C 436/26, Brussels 24.11.2016.
Fiott D. (2019), Defence Industrial Cooperation in the European Union: The State, the Firm and Europe, Routledge, New York. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429024207
Fiott D. (2022), A Clash of Concepts? Making Sense of ‘European Sovereignty’ and ‘Strategic Autonomy’, “Beyond Autonomy Rethinking Europe as a Strategic Actor”, 7.02.2022, LSE IDEAS, https://www.lse.ac.uk/ideas/Assets/Documents/reports/LSE-IDEAS-FNF-Beyond-Autonomy.pdf, 20.04.2023.
Fiott D. et al. (2021), European Sovereignty. Strategy and interdependence, July 2021, Chaillot Paper 169, Paris, https://cris.vub.be/ws/portalfiles/portal/79090657/CP_169.pdf, 20.04.2023.
García Pérez R. (2019), Strategic Autonomy of the European Union, in: The Routledge Handbook of European Security Law and Policy, eds. E. Conde, Z. V. Yaneva, M. Scopelliti, Routdlege, London. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429465918-6
Grevi G. (2019), Strategic autonomy for European choices: The key to Europe’s shaping power, European Policy Centre, 19.07.2019, https://wms.flexious.be/editor/plugins/imagemanager/content/2140/PDF/2019/190719_Strategicautonomy_GG.pdf. 7.09.2021.
Haughton T. (2016), Beelines, Bypasses and Blind Alleys: Theory and the Study of the European Union, “Journal of Common Market Studies”, vol. 54. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jcms.12436
Helwig N. (2020), EU Strategic Autonomy. A Reality Check for Europe’s Global Agenda, October 2020, Finnish Institute of International Affairs, https://www.fiia.fi/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/wp119_strategic_autonomy-2.pdf, 3.06.2021.
Helwig N. (2022), The Ambiguity of the EU’s Global Role: A Social Explanation of the Term ‘Strategic Autonomy’, “European Foreign Affairs Review”, vol. 27, Special Issue. DOI: https://doi.org/10.54648/EERR2022010
Helwig N., Sinkkonen V. (2022), Strategic Autonomy and the EU as a Global Actor: The Evolution, Debate and Theory of a Contested Term, “European Foreign Affairs Review”, vol. 27, Special Issue. DOI: https://doi.org/10.54648/EERR2022009
Hoffmeister F. (2023), Strategic Autonomy in the European Union’s External Relations Law, “Common Market Law Review”, vol. 60. DOI: https://doi.org/10.54648/COLA2023048
Howorth J. (2017), European defence policy between dependence and autonomy: A challenge of Sisyphean dimensions, “The British Journal of Politics and International Relations”, vol. 19, no 1. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1369148116685296
Howorth J. (2018), Strategic autonomy and EU-NATO cooperation: threat or opportunity for transatlantic defence relations?, ”Journal of European Integration”, vol. 40, no. 5, pp. 523–537. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/07036337.2018.1512268
Howorth J. (2020), The CSDP in Transition: Towards ‘Strategic Autonomy’?, in: Governance and Politics in the Post-Crisis European Union, eds. R. Coman, A. Crespy, V. A. Schmidt, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108612609.019
Howorth J., Keeler J. T. S. (2003), Defending Europe: the EU, NATO and the Quest for European Autonomy, Palgrave Macmillan, New York. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9781403981363
Huysmans J. (1996), Security! What do you Mean? From Concept to Thick Signifier, “European Journal of International Relations”, vol. 4, no. 2. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1354066198004002004
Jacobs T., Gheyle N., de Ville F., Orbie J. (2023), The Hegemonic Politics of ‘Strategic Autonomy’ and ‘Resilience’: COVID-19 and the Dislocation of EU Trade Policy, “Journal of Common Market Studies”, vol. 61, issue 1. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jcms.13348
Järvenpää P., Major C., Sakkov S. (2019), European Strategic Autonomy Operationalising a Buzzword, RKK ICDS – International Centre for Defence and Security, October 2019, https://icds.ee/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/ICDS_Report_European_Strategic_Autonomy_Järvenpää_Major_Sakkov_October_2019.pdf, 27.05.2020.
Jegen M., Mérand F. (2014), Constructive Ambiguity: Comparing the EU’s Energy and Defence Policies, “West European Politics”, vol. 37, issue 1. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/01402382.2013.818325
Katzenstein P. J., Sil R. (2010), Analytic Eclecticism in the Study of World Politics: Reconfiguring Problems and Mechanisms across Research Traditions, “Perspectives on Politics”, vol. 8, no. 2. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S1537592710001179
Kempin R., Kunz B. (2017), France, Germany, and the Quest for European Strategic Autonomy, SWP-IFRI, December 2017, https://www.ifri.org/sites/default/files/atoms/files/ndc_141_kempin_kunz_france_germany_european_strategic_autonomy_dec_2017.pdf, 30.05.2020.
Koppa M. (2022), The Evolution of the Common Security and Defence Policy. Critical Junctures and the Quest for EU Strategic Autonomy, Palgrave Macmillan. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-99158-6
Lavery S., McDaniel S., Schmid D. (2022), European Strategic Autonomy: New Agenda, Old Constraints, in: The Political Economy of Geoeconomics: Europe in a Changing World, eds. M. Babić, A. Dixon, I. T. Liu, Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-01968-5_3
Mauro F. (2018), Strategic Autonomy Under the Spotlight. The New Holy Grail of European Defence, Groupe de recherche et d’information sur la paix et la sécurité, GRIP REPORT 2018/1, Bruxelles.
Oliveira Martins B., Mawdsley J. (2021), Sociotechnical Imaginaries of EU Defence: The Past and the Future in the European Defence Fund, “Journal of Common Market Studies”, vol. 59, issue 6. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jcms.13197
Pohl B., van Willigen N. (2015), Analytic Eclecticism and EU Foreign Policy (In)Action, “Global Society”, vol. 29, no. 2, pp. 175–198. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13600826.2015.1029443
Schilde K. (2017), The Political Economy of European Security, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108182492
Schmidt V. A. (2008), Discursive institutionalism: the explanatory power of ideas and discourse, “Annual Review of Political Science”, vol. 11, no. 1. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.polisci.11.060606.135342
Schmitz L., Seidl T. (2023), As Open as Possible, as Autonomous as Necessary: Understanding the Rise of Open Strategic Autonomy in EU Trade Policy, “Journal of Common Market Studies”, vol. 61, issue 1. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jcms.13428
Tocci N. (2021), What It Is, Why We Need It, How To Achieve It, Instituto Affari Internazionali, Rome 2021, https://www.iai.it/sites/default/files/9788893681780.pdf, 19.09.2021.
Veselinovič J. (2022), ‘European Foreign Policy Think Tanks and ‘Strategic Autonomy’: Making Sense of the EU’s Role in the World of Geoeconomics’, in: The Political Economy of Geoeconomics: Europe in a Changing World, eds. M. Babić, A. D. Dixon, I. T. Liu, Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-01968-5_4
Licencja
Prawa autorskie (c) 2023 Michał Rekowski
Utwór dostępny jest na licencji Creative Commons Uznanie autorstwa – Na tych samych warunkach 4.0 Miedzynarodowe.