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nielegalni migranci
migracja
dyrektywa powrotowa i umowy o readmisji
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Abstrakt
W niniejszym artykule dokonano oceny unijnej dyrektywy powrotowej i umowy o readmisji (RDRA) oraz wskazano wyzwania z nimi związane w kontekście nigeryjskich nielegalnych migrantów. W badaniu wykorzystano pierwotne źródła danych, jak pogłębione wywiady przeprowadzone z delegacją UE w Nigerii i ECOWAS, Europejską Służbą Działań Zewnętrznych, Frontexem, Międzynarodową Organizacją ds. Migracji, Idia Renaissance, Służbą Imigracyjną Nigerii i Krajową Agencją ds. Zakazu Handlu Ludźmi. Wyniki badania wykazały, że istnieją dwa rodzaje powrotów: powrót dobrowolny i powrót przymusowy. Osoby powracające dobrowolnie otrzymują pomoc w powrocie i reintegracji (AVRR), podczas gdy osoby powracające przymusowo nie otrzymują takiej pomocy, przeważnie są zatrzymywane, eskortowane przez policjantów na lotnisko i deportowane do Nigerii lub krajów tranzytowych. Badanie wyszczególniło również wyzwania związane z implementowaniem RDRA wobec nigeryjskich migrantów o nieuregulowanym statusie, ponieważ większość powrotów przeprowadzanych przez UE nie jest zgodna z ustanowionymi przepisami, gdyż niektórzy migranci są odsyłani do krajów tranzytowych. Co więcej, warunki związane z umowami o readmisji mają zastosowanie tylko do wysoko wykwalifikowanych migrantów, co jest określane jako “drenaż mózgów” dla Nigerii i “pozyskiwanie mózgów” dla UE. W badaniu stwierdzono, że unijne przepisy RDRA mają restrykcyjny charakter, co skutkuje powstawaniem dróg ucieczki dla nielegalnych migrantów w Europie, a brak zgodności z przepisami RDRA jest wynikiem bezprawnego przetrzymywania nigeryjskich nielegalnych migrantów przez UE, a także tortur i nadużyć ze strony funkcjonariuszy bezpieczeństwa i handlarzy ludźmi, co stanowi naruszenie praw człowieka.
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Prawa autorskie (c) 2023 Peter Irabor
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