Abstrakt
Celem artykułu jest ukazanie i ocena działań podejmowanych przez państwa członkowskie Unii Europejskiej względem kryzysów migracyjnych. W toku rozważań udowodniono, że masowy napływ cudzoziemców postrzegany jest w UE jako zagrożenie granic, terytoriów i ludności. Wykazano, że współczesne stosunki międzynarodowe charakteryzuje powrót do klasycznego postrzegania granic, ich funkcji, a tym samym bezpieczeństwa jako dążenia do ochrony terytoriów państwowych oraz jedynie własnych obywateli. Walkę z imigracją nieregularną postrzega się jako interes narodowy oraz potwierdzenie suwerennego prawa każdego państwa do kontrolowania przepływów migracyjnych. Dla potrzeb analiz stworzony został model murowania granic, składający się z trzech elementów. Pierwszy to fizyczne stawianie lub wzmacnianie linii granicznych. Element drugi to aktywność prawodawcza UE, zaś trzeci to mechanizm zdalnej kontroli granicznej, tj. swoiste przesuwanie granic w głąb terytoriów państw trzecich. Z uwagi na interdyscyplinarny charakter rozważań, analizy poprowadzono w oparciu o metody charakterystyczne dla nauk społecznych, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem metod stosowanych w naukach o polityce i administracji, nauce o stosunkach międzynarodowych oraz w naukach prawnych.
Bibliografia
Adamson F. B., Tsourapas G. (2019), Migration Diplomacy in World Politics, “International Studies Perspectives”, vol. 20, issue 2. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/isp/eky015
Agreement between the European Community and the Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People’s Republic of China on the readmission of persons residing without authorization (2004a), “Official Journal of the European Union” L17, 24 January 2004.
Agreement between the European Community and the Macao Special Administrative Region of the People’s Republic of China on the readmission of persons residing without authorization (2004b), “Official Journal of the European Union” L143, 30 April 2004.
Agreement between the European Union and Georgia on the readmission of persons residing without authorization (2011), “Official Journal of the European Union” L52, 25. February 2011.
Agreement between the European Union and the Republic of Azerbaijan on the readmission of persons residing without authorization (2014a), “Official Journal of the European Union” L128, 30 April 2014.
Agreement between the European Union and the Republic of Turkey on the readmission of persons residing without authorization (2014b), “Official Journal of the European Union” L134, 7 May 2014.
Agreement on readmission between the Russian Federation and the European Community (2007), “Official Journal of the European Union” L129, 17 May 2007.
Austria to withdraw from UN migration treaty (2018), DW, 31.10.2018, https://www.dw.com/en/austria-to-withdraw-from-un-migration-treaty/a-46097012, 20.08.2025.
Bachmann S.-D., Munoz A. B. (2016), Lawfare in Hybrid Wars: The 21st Century Warfare, “Journal of International Humanitarian Legal Studies”, vol. 7,. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/18781527-00701008
Bourbeau P. (2011), The Securitization of Migration: A Study of Movement and Order, Routledge, London–New York. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203829349
Charlemagne: Europe’s ring of fire (2014), “The Economist”, 20 September 2014.
Chetail V. (2017), The Architecture of International Migration Law: A Deconstructivism Design of Complexity and Contradiction, “AJIL Unbound”, Vol. 111 - Framing Global Migration Law, Cambridge. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/aju.2017.11
Covenant of the League of Nations, Paris, 28 June 1919 (1920), “Journal of Laws” No. 35, item 200.
Dodds K. J. (2021), Border Wars: the Conflicts of Tomorrow, Ebury Press.
Draft conclusions approved by the Council and the Representatives of the Governments of the Member States meeting within the Council (1995), European Union. The Council, 12509/95, 8 December 1995, Brussels.
Dunlap Ch. (2001), Law and Military Interventions: Preserving Humanitarian Values in 21st Century Conflicts.
Europe migrant crisis: Austria, Slovakia introduce border checks after German move to control flow (2015), ABC News, 14.09.2015, http://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-09-14 (4.02.2025).
EU–Turkey Leaders’ Summit, 29 November 2015 – EU–Turkey Statement (2015), European Council, Council of the European Union, https://www.consilium.europa.eu/pl/press/press-releases/2015/11/29/eu-turkey-meeting-statement/, 01.08.2024.
EU–Turkey Statement (18 March 2016) (2016), European Council, Council of the European Union, https://www.consilium.europa.eu/pl/press/press-releases/2016/03/18/eu-turkey-statement/, 01.08.2024.
Gałganek A. (2008), “Westfalia” jako metafora genezy w nauce o stosunkach międzynarodowych, in: Późnowestfalski ład międzynarodowy, eds. M. Pietraś, K. Marzęda, Lublin.
Greenhill K. M. (2010), Weapons of Mass Migration: Forced Displacement, Coercion, and Foreign Policy, Cornell University Press, Ithacaa–London. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7591/9780801458668
Grotius H. (2001), On the Law of War and Peace, (transl.) A. C. Cambell, Kitchener.
Gruen G.-C. (2021), As migration is rising, so are border barriers, DW, August 13, https://www.dw.com/en/as-migration-is-rising-so-are-border-barriers/a-58848161, 01.08.2024.
Holdich Th. (1916), Political Frontiers and Boundary Making, MacMillan and Co. Limited, London, Internet Archive.
Humanitarian Challenges in Military Intervention Conference, Carr Center for Human Rights Policy Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University Washington, D.C., November 29, https://people.duke.edu/~pfeaver/dunlap.pdf, 01.08.2024.
Huysmans J. (2006), The Politics of Insecurity: Fear, Migration and Asylum in the EU, Routledge, London–New York. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203008690
Kuster B., Tsianos V. S. (2016), How to Liquefy a Body on the Move: Eurodac and the Making of the European Digital Border, in: EU Borders and Shifting Internal Security, eds. R. Bossong, H. Carrapico, Springer. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-17560-7_3
Martin M., Ayuso S., Clemente P. Y. (2023), The fences dividing Europe: how EU uses walls to contain irregular migration, El Pais International, April 9, https://english.elpais.com/international/2023-04-08/the-fences-dividing-europe-how-the-eu-uses-walls-to-contain-irregular-migration.html#, 01.08.2024.
Mavroudi E., Nagel C. (2016), Global Migration. Patterns, Processes, and Politics, London–New York. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315623399
McAdam J. (2011), An Intellectual History of Freedom of Movement in International Law: the Right to Leave as a Personal Liberty, “Melbourne Journal of International Law”, vol. 12.
Morgenthau H. J., Thompson K. W. (1985), Politics Among Nations: The Struggle for Power and Peace, New York.
Oppenheim L. (1905), International Law. A Treatise, vol. 1 Peace, Longsman Green and Co., London–New York–Bombay.
Potyrała A. (2005), Współczesne uchodźstwo. Próby rozwiązania międzynarodowego problemu, Poznań.
Prodi R. (2002), A Wider Europe – A Proximity Policy as the key to stability, SPEECH/02/619, European Commission, December 6. The ring of friends.
Pufendorf S. (1749), Eight Books on the Law of Nature and Nations, London (electronic version available on Archive.org).
Regulation (EU) 2016/1624 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 14 September 2016 on the European Border and Coast Guard and amending Regulation (EU) 2016/399 of the European Parliament and of the Council and repealing Regulation (EC) No 863/2007 of the European Parliament and of the Council, Council Regulation (EC) No 2007/2004 and Council Decision 2005/267/EC, “Official Journal” L251, 16.09.2016.
Regulation (EU) 2016/399 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 9 March 2016 on a Union Code on the rules governing the movement of persons across borders (Schengen Borders Code) (codification) (2016), “Official Journal” L77, 23.03.2016.
Resolution adopted by the Conference on Passports, Customs Formalities and Through Tickets in Paris on October 21st, 1920 (1925), League of Nations. Advisory and Technical Committee for Communications and Transit, Passport Conference Preparatory Documents, C.641. M.230. 1925.VIII, Geneva.
Second report on progress by Turkey in fulfilling the requirements of its visa liberalization roadmap (2016), COM (2016) 140, 4.03.2016, Brussels.
Shachar A. (2021), The shifting border: legal cartographies of migration and mobility, “CIC – Behind the Headlines”, vol. 69, no. 32, December.
Syria Regional Refugee Response – Turkey (2019), UNHCR, 4.02.2019, https://data2.unhcr.org/en/situations/syria/location/113 (4.02.2025).
Torpey J. (2000), The Invention of the Passport: Surveillance, Citizenship and the State, Cambridge. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511520990
Vallet É., David Ch.-Ph. (2012), The (Re)Building of the Wall in International Relations, “Journal of Borderlands Studies”, vol. 27, no. 2. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/08865655.2012.687211
Vattel de E. (2008), The Law of Nations Or, Principles of the Law of Nature, Applied to the Conduct and Affairs of Nations and Sovereigns, with Three Early Essays on the Origin and Nature of Natural Law and on Luxury, eds. B. Kapossy, R. Whatmore, Indianapolis (reprint of the 1797 edition).
Vitoria F. de (1991), On the American Indians (De Indis), in: Vitoria: Political Writings, eds. A. Pagden, J. Lawrance, Cambridge Texts in the History of Political Thought, Cambridge (reprint). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511840944
Zaiotii R. (2007), Of Friends and Fences: Europe’s Neighbourhood Policy and the ‘Gated Community Syndrome’, “Journal of European Integration”, vol. 29, no. 2. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/07036330701252581
Licencja
Prawa autorskie (c) 2025 Anna Potyrała

Utwór dostępny jest na licencji Creative Commons Uznanie autorstwa – Na tych samych warunkach 4.0 Miedzynarodowe.
