Słowa kluczowe
Roman army
economy
demography
monetization
construction
agriculture
manufacturing of ceramics
viniculture
Jak cytować
Abstrakt
The paper presents the Roman army as the factor of change and economic transformation in the province of Lower Moesia. It addresses such issues as construction activities of the Roman army, development of the logistical base in order to meet the provisioning needs of the Roman troops. The main issue is the process of development of the local market of trade and production, as well as role of the Roman army in establishing and developing the fundamental branches of economy.
Bibliografia
Alexandrov G., Anticena vila no. 1, kray Mihaylovgrad, InMSB 8, 1983, pp. 39-79.
Alston R., Roman Military Pay from Caesar to Diocletian, JRS 84, 1994, pp. 113-123.
Baatz D., Kastell Hesselbach und andere Forschungen am Odenwaldlimes, Limes forschungen 12, Berlin 1973.
Baumann H., Ceramica terra sigillata de la Noviodunum, Peuce 6, 2008, pp. 207-250.
Baumann V.H., Ferma Romană din Dobrogea, Tulcea 1983.
Baumann V.H., Lucernele de la Noviodunum, Peuce 7, 2009, pp. 217-310.
Biernacka-Lubańska M., The Roman and Early-Byzantine Fortifications of Lower Moesia and Northern Thrace, Wrocław 1982.
Boserup E., The Conditions of Agricultural Growth: The Economics of Agrarian Change under Population Pressure, New York 1965.
Bowman A.K., Thomas J. D., Vindolanda Writing-Tablets, London 1994.
Bursche A., Emisje autonomiczne Mezji i Tracji oraz ich rozpowszechnienie w Europie Środkowo-Wschodniej, Balcanica Posnanienisia 1, 1984, pp. 235-244.
Butcher K., The Coins, [in:] Nicopolis ad Istrum: A Roman, Late Roman, and Early Byzantine City. Excavations 1985-1992 by Andrew Poulter, London 1995, pp. 269-314.
Brunt P.A., Pay and Superannuation in the Roman Army, PBSR 18, 1950, pp. 50-71.
Cheesman L., The Auxilia of the Roman Imperial, New York 1971.
Chichikova M., Pottery Lamps from Novae (Lower Moesia) (1st-3rd Century), [in:] T. Ivanov, M. Chichikova, A. Dimitrova-Milcheva (eds.), Recherches sur la Culture en Mesie et en Thrace Bulgaria Ie-IVe Siecle, IAI 37, 1987, p. 165.
Cholakov I., Ancient Economy South of the Lower Danube Limes (The Territory of Present-Day North Bulgaria) Based on Finds of Tools from the Period of the 1st-the Beginning of the 7th C. AD, [in:] L.F. Vagalinski, N. Sharankov, S. Torbatov (eds.), The Lower Danube Roman Limes (1st-6th C. AD), Sofia 2012.
Ciołek R., Dyczek P., Coins from Sector IV, [in:] P. Dyczek (ed.), Legionary Fortress and Late Antique 2, Warszawa 2011, pp. 250-253.
Conrad S., Die Grabstelen aus Moesia Inferior, Leipzig 2004.
Cupcea G., Marcu F., Size and Organization of the Roman Army and the case of Dacia under Trajan, Dacia 50, 2006, s. 175-194.
Develin R., The Army Pay Rises under Severus and Caracalla, and the Question of annona militaris, Latomus 30, 1971, pp. 687-695.
Dimitrova A., Forma do produkcji terra sigillata znaleziona w Novae (Moesia Inferior), Balcanica Posnaniensia 3, Poznań 1984, pp. 243-249.
Dimitrova-Milcheva A., Produktion von Terra Sigillata in Untermoesien, RCRF 25-26, 1987, pp. 515-526.
Dimitrova-Milcheva A., Terra Sigillata und dünnwandige Keramik aus Moesia Inferior (Nordbulgarien), Sofia 2000.
Dinchev V., Rimskite vili v dneshnata bulgarska teritoriya, Sofia 1997.
Dobson B., Legionary Centurion or Equestrian Officer. A comparison of pay and prospects, AncSoc 3, 1972, pp. 193-207.
Domaszewski A. von, Der Truppen sold der Kaiserzeit, Neue Heidelberger Jahrbücher X, 1900, pp. 225-241.
Domżalski K., Ceramika stołowa z principia w Novae. Wypełnisko jamy nr 4, Novensia 11, 1998, pp. 141-161.
Domżalski K., Terra Sigillata z komendantury w Novae. Wypełnisko jamy nr 4, Novensia 11, 1998.
Dyczek P., Amfory rzymskie z obszaru dolnego Dunaju. Dystrybucja amfor i transportowanych w nich produktów w I-III w. po Chr., Warszawa 1999.
Dyczek P., Ceramika typu Lower Danube Kaolin Wares (LDKW). Dystrybucja, datowanie, funkcja, typologia, geneza, miejsca produkcji, Novensia 20, 2009, pp. 154-171.
Dyczek P., Ceramic Production on the Lower Danube from the 2nd to the 4th Century AD, [in:] D. Bondoc (ed.), In Honorem Gheorghe Popilian, Craiova 2006, pp. 176-190.
Dyczek P., Wine in Lower Moesia, Historia Antiqua 15, 2007, pp. 237-250.
Eck W., Pangerl A., Ein Diplom für einen Soldaten der classis Moesica vom 20. August 127 n. Chr., ZPE 165, 2008, pp. 232-236.
Eck W., Pangerl A., Moesia und seine Truppen II. Neue Diplome für Moesia, Moesia inferior und Moesia superior, Chiron 39, 2009, pp. 505-589.
Eck W., Pangerl A., Zwei Konstitutionen für die Truppen Niedermösiens vom 9. September 97, ZPE 151, 2005, pp. 185-192.
Erdkamp P., Urbanism, [in:] W. Scheidel (ed.), The Cambridge Companion to the Roman Economy, Cambridge 2012.
Fitz J., Der Geldumlauf der römischen Provinzen im Donaugebiet Mitte des 3. Jahr¬hunderts, I, Budapest-Bonn 1978.
Gajewska H., Z badań nad zagadnieniem dróg rzymskich łączących Dolną Mezję z Dacją (Durostorum-Angustia), KHKM 1, 1970, pp. 27-35.
Găzdac C., Monetary Circulation in Dacia and the Provinces from the Middle and Lower Danube from Trajan to Constantine I (AD 106-337), Cluj-Napoca 2002.
Gerov B., Die Einfälle der Nordvolker in den Ostbalkanraum im Lichte der Münzen¬schatz¬funde, I. Das II. und III. Jahrhundert (101-284), ANRW 6, 1977, pp. 110-181.
Gerov B., Landownership in Roman Thracia and Moesia (1st-3rd century), Amsterdam 1988.
Gerov B., Kam za voprosa za lozarstvo v Dolna Miziya prez rimskoto vreme, [in:] Sbornik Gavril Kasharov, Sofia 1955, pp. 187-193.
Gudea N., Der untermoesischen Donaulimes und die Verteidigung der moesischen Nord- und Westküste des Schwarzen Meeres. Limes et litus moesiea inferioris (86-275 n. Chr.), JRGZM 52, 2005.
Hodgson N., Bidwell P. T., Auxiliary Barracks in a New Light: Recent Discoveries on Hadrian’s Wall, Britannia 35, 2004, pp. 121-157.
Holder P., Studies in the Auxilia of the Roman Army from Augustus to Trajan, BAR Oxford 2003.
Ivanov R., Vsekidnevniyat Zhivot, [in:] R. Ivanov, G. Atanasov, P. Donevski (eds.), Istoriya na Silistra. Antichniyat Durostorum 1, Sofiya 2006, p. 130.
Jahn J., Der Sold römischer Soldatenim 3. Jh. n. Chr.: Bemerkungen zu ChLA 446, 473 und 495, ZPE 53,1983, pp. 217-227.
Jahn J., Zur Entwicklung römischer Sold zahlungen von Augustus bis auf Diocletian, SFMA 2, Berlin 1984, pp. 53-74.
Kabakchieva G., Oescus: Castra Oescensia: rannorimski voenen lager pri ustieto na Iskur, Sofia 2000.
Keppie L.J.F., The Making of the Roman Army: from Republic to Empire, Batsford 1984.
Kolendo J., Études sur les inscriptions de Novae, Archeologia 16, 1965, pp. 124-148.
Kolendo J., Inskrypcje wyzwoleńców i niewolników z Novae, Novensia 6, 1993, pp. 131-145.
Kolendo J., Symboles des fonctionsmilitaires et des métiers sur les monuments funéraires de Novae, camp de la legio I Italica (Moesia Inferiro), Novensia 22, 2011, pp. 21-37.
Kunisz A., Obieg monetarny na obszarze Mezji i Tracji w I i II wieku n.e., Katowice 1992.
Kunisz A., Rola pieniądza proweniencji prowincjonalnej w systemie monetarnym Cesarstwa Rzymskiego, [in:] M. Jaczynowska, J. Wolski (eds.), Prowincje rzymskie i ich znaczenia w ramach Imperium, Wrocław 1976, pp. 87-103.
Lemke M., Geografia wojskowa Mezji Dolnej. Czynniki naturalne, kulturowe i logistyczne w organizacji limesu prowincji Moesia Inferior w okresie pryncypatu (I-III w.). Typescript of PhD’s thesis defended in 2012, available from the University of Warsaw Library.
MacDonald D., Mihaylovich A., A New Moesia Inferior Diploma of 97, ZPE 138, 2002, pp. 225-228.
Madzharov M., Putyat Eskus – Filipopol (I-IV B.), Arheologiya 32, 1990, pp.18-29.
Matei-Popescu F., The Roman Army in Moesia Inferior, Bucure?ti 2010.
Miller K., Itineraria Romana: Römische Reisewege an der Hand der Tabula Peutingeriana, Stuttgart 1916.
Miller K., Die Peutingersche Tafel, Stuttgart 1962.
Minchev A., Georgiev P., Marcianopolis, Ein Neues Zentrum der Keramikproduktion im 2-6 Jahrhundert, RCRF 29-30, 1991, pp. 223-244.
Mócsy A., Das Lustrum Primipili und die Annona Militaris, Germania 44, 1966, pp. 312-326.
Montfort, C.C., The Roman Military Supply During the Principate Transportation and Staples, [in:] P. Erdkamp (ed.), The Roman Army and the Economy, Amsterdam 2002, pp. 70-89.
Mrozewicz L., Prosopographia Moesiaca II: Sex. AeliusCatus, Eos 86, 1999, pp. s. 103-105.
Mrozewicz L., Przesiedlenia ludnościowe na rzymską stronę Renu i Dunaju w okresie Wczesnego Cesarstwa (do wojen markomańskich), Eos 75, 1987, pp. 107 128.
Mrozewicz L., Rozwój ustroju municypalnego a postępy romanizacji w Mezji Dolnej, Poznań 1982.
Mulvin L., Late Roman Villas in the Danube-Balkan Region, Oxford 2002.
Muşeţeanu C., Imitations locales des sigillés décorés de Durostorum, Cercetări Arheologice 10, 1997, pp. 343-356.
Muşeţeanu C., Un prototype de lampe de Durostorum, [in:] Corona Laurea. Studii în Onoarea Luciei Ţeposu Marinescu, Bucureşti 2005, pp. 343-347.
Muşeţeanu C., Culică V., Elefterescu D., Lampes a estampille de Durostorum, Dacia 24, 1980, pp. 283-305.
Muşeţeanu C., Elefterescy D., Contribuţii privind ceramic romană de la Durostorum (IV), Peuce 2, 15, 2004, pp. 95-127.
Musielak M., Społeczeństwo greckich miast zachodnich wybrzeży Morza Czarnego, Poznań 2003.
Opaiţ A., Consideraţti preliminare asupra amforelor romane şi Romano-Bizantine din Dobrogea, Peuce 8, 1977-1978, pp. 291-326.
Opaiţ A., Consideraţii preliminare asupra ceramicii romane timpurii de la Troesmis, Peuce 7, 1977-1978, pp. 328-366.
Panaite A., Roman Roads in Moesia Inferior. Epigraphical Evidence, Novensia 23, 2013, pp. 131-143.
Paunov E.I., Prokopov I.S., An Inventory of Roman Republican Coin Hoards and Coins from Bulgaria, Milano 2012.
Paunov E.I., Roxan M.M., The Earliest Extant Diploma of Thrace, A.D. 114 (= RMD I 14), ZPE 119, 1997, pp. 269-279.
Pekăry Th., Untersuchungen zu den römischen Reichsstrassen, Bonn 1968.
Poulter A.G., Nicopolis ad Istrum: A Roman, Late Roman and Early Byzantine City. Excavations 1985-1992, London 1995.
Poulter A.G., Town and Country in Moesia Inferior, [in:] Ancient Bulgaria: papers presented to the International Symposium on the Ancient History and Archaeology of Bulgaria, Nottingham 1983, pp. 74-118.
Rankov N.B., A Contribution to the Military and Administrative History of Montana, [in:] A.G. Poulter (ed.), Ancient Bulgaria. Papers Presented to the International Symposium on the Ancient History and Archaeology of Bulgaria, Nottingham 1983, pp. 40-73.
Recław J., Wykorzystanie ołowiu w Novae, Novensia 16, 2005, pp. 31-50.
Regep-Vlascici P., Aspects of the Stamped-Lamp Trade From Upper Moesia, [in:] Corona Laurea. Studii în Onoarea Luciei Ţeposu Marinescu, Bucureşti 2005, pp. 459-461.
Roth J., The Size and Organization of the Roman Imperial Legion, Historia 43, 3, 1994, pp. 346-362.
Roxan M. M., An Auxiliary Fleet Diploma of Moesia Inferior: 127 August 20, ZPE 118, 1997, pp. 287-299.
Roxan M.M., Eck W., A Diploma of Moesia Inferior: 125 Iun. 1, ZPE 116, 1997, pp. 193-203.
Saller R., Human Capital and Economic Growth, [in:] W. Scheidel (ed.), The Cambridge Companion to the Roman Economy, Cambridge 2012, pp. 71-86.
Sarnowski T., Wojsko rzymskie w Mezji Dolnej i na północnym wybrzeżu Morza Czarnego, Warszawa 1988.
Saxer R., Untersuchungen zu den Vexillationen des römischen Kaiserheeres von Augustus bis Diokletian, Köln 1967.
Slokoska L., Vladkova P., Tsurov I., Ivanov R., Nicopolis ad Istrum, [in:] R. Ivanov (ed.), Rimskii Rannovizantiyski gradove v Balgariya. Studies in Memory of Prof. Teofil Ivanov, 1, 1, Sofiya 2002.
Southern P., The Numeri of the Roman Imperial Army, Britannia 20, 1989, pp. 810-140.
Speidel M.A., Roman army pay scales, JRS 82, 1992, pp. 87-106.
Speidel M.P., The Pay of the Auxilia, JRS 63, 1973, pp. 141-147.
Suceveanu Al., Via?a economica în Dobrogea romană (secolele I-III e.n.), Bucure?ti 1977.
Sultov B., Ceramic Production on the Territory of Nicopolisad Istrum (II-nd-IV-th Centrury), Terra Antiqua Balcanica 1, GSUFF 76/2, 1983 (1985).
Sultov B., La production de lampes de terre cuite dans les centres céramiques pres de Pavlikeni et a Boutovo, RCRF 29-30, 1991, pp. 295-305.
Sultov B., Proizvodstvo na relefna keramika v Dolna Misiya, IIIMVT 5, 1972, pp. 21-29.
Sultova B., Glineni lampki tip “Butovo”, IIMVT 6, 1991, pp. 116-128.
Tomlin R.S.O., Roman Manuscripts from Carlisle: The Ink-Written Tablets, Britannia 29, 1998, pp. 31-84.
Topoleanu F., Halmyris – un nouveau centre de production de lampes dans le nord de la Dobroudja (IIe-VIIe s. ap. J.-C.), RCRF 33, 1996, pp. 91-93.
Torbatov S., Latinski posvetitelen ladpis ot Dolna Miziya, Arheologiya 31, 1989, pp. 34-37.
Torbatov S., Putna mrezha v trakiya i miziya (I-III v.), [in:] R. Ivanov (ed.), Arheologiya na balgarskite zemi 1, 1, Sofia 2004, pp. 76-95.
Torbatov S., Rimska voenna diploma ot 145 r. ot Nigrinianis, Dolna Miziya, Arheologiya 4, 1, 1991, pp. 23-27.
Torbatov S., The Roman Road Durostorum–Marcianopolis, AB 4, 2000, pp. 59-72.
Tsarov I., The Location of Empeirum Piretensiu, AB 2005, pp. 47-52.
Velkov V., Montana (The Present-Day Mihailovgrad), [in:] idem, Roman Cities in Bulgaria. Collected Studies, Amsterdam 1980, pp. 85-101.
Verboven K.S., Good for Business. The Roman Army and the Emergence of a “Business Class” in the Northwestern Provinces of the Roman Empire (1st century BCE-3rd century CE), [in:] L. de Blois, E. Lo Cascio (eds.), The Impact of the Roman Army (200 B.C.-A.D. 476): Economic, Social, Political, Religious and Cultural Aspects, Leiden-Boston 2007, pp. 295-313.
Vladkova P., Antichen proizvodstven tsentur pri Pavlikeni. Plan na kompleksa, perio¬dizatsiya i vidove keramichni izdeliya, Veliko Turnovo 2011.
Vulpe R., Trajan’s Column, Bucureşti 2002.
Watson G.R., The Pay of the Roman Army: Suetonius, Dio and the quantum stypendium, ZPE 5, 6, 1956, pp. 332-340.
Weiß P., Militärdiploma für Moesia (Moesia, Moesia superior, Moesia inferior), Chiron 38, 2008, pp. 296-300.
Weiß P., Weitere Diplom Fragmente von Moesia inferior, ZPE 124, 1999, pp. 287-289.
Whittaker C.R., Roman Empire. A Social and Economic Study, London 1994.
Wierschowski L., Heer und Wirtschaft. Das römische Heer der Prinzipatszeit als Wirtschaftsfaktor, Bonn 1984.
Zawadzki T., Emporium Piretensium, [in:] idem, Na peryferiach świata rzymskiego, pp. 71-82.
Zawadzki T., Namiestnictwo Tyberiusza Plaucjusza Sylwanusa Elianusa w Mezji na tle polityki zbożowej cesarza Nerona, [in:] idem, Na peryferiach świata rzymskiego, Poznań 2009, pp. 50-69.