Abstrakt
Theodor Zeev Benjamin Herzl (1860–1904) był twórcą ideologii syjonistycznej, która w celu przygotowania narodu żydowskiego do masowej migracji do Ziemi Obiecanej i stworzenia tam państwa w pełni wykorzystywała dostępne środki obrazowe i kulturę wizualną. Stworzono zatem nową ikonosferę syjonistyczną, w której istotne miejsce zajmuje ikonografia Herzla. Postać ta stała się najważniejszą ikoną syjonistyczną, a jejstypizowany wizerunek miał być ucieleśnieniem syjonizmu i wyrażać jego idee.
Jednym z takich „ucieleśnień” jest portret Herzla autorstwa Leopolda Pilichowskiego, wykonany w 1908 roku na zlecenie delegatów VII Kongresu Syjonistycznego.
Kompozycja ewokuje szereg wytycznych obrazowych, a zestawienie tego portretu z innymi dziełami (A. Nossiga, S. Hirszenberga, G. Dore’a i B. Schatza) pozwala wyłowić ciąg ikonograficzny, odnoszący się do idei Ahaswerusa (Żyda Wiecznego Tułacza).
Ahaswerus to dla syjonizmu archetyp tzw. negatywnego wizerunku Żydów getta (typów getta), stanowiących przeszkodę na drodze narodowej mobilizacji i tym samym przedmiot krytyki syjonistycznej. Był elementem ucieleśniającym wygnanie, tułaczkę, dyskryminację, prześladowania, wewnętrzną degenerację, społeczną patologię i dewiację psychiczną, marazm egzystencjalny i karykaturalność fizjonomiczną.
Portret Herzla natomiast miał być programowym zaprzeczeniem tych negatywnych przyległości (także wizualnych) i wytyczną dla nowych ideałów syjonistycznych, których odpowiedzią jest Baal Teszuwa — czyli Żyd powracający do Ziemi Obiecanej.
Bibliografia
Anderson G.K., The Legend of the Wandering Jew, Providence, Rhode Island 1965.
Aschheim S., Brothers and Strangers: The East European Jew in German and German Jewish Consciousness 1800–1923, Madison 1982.
Avineri Sh., The Making of Modern Zionism. The Intellectual Origins of the Jewish State, New York 1981.
Avineri Sh., The Making of of Modern Zionism, Chapter 10, Nordau. The Jews and the Crisis of Western Civilization, p. 101–111.
Baer Y.F., Galut, New York 1947. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/1453137
Bein A.. Theodor Herzl. A Biography, Wien 1934 (Jerusalem 1941.
Beller S., Herzl, London 1991.
Berkowitz E., Art in Zionist Popular Culture and Jewish National Self-Consciousness, 1897–1914, [in:] E. Mendelsohn (ed.), Arts and Its Uses. The Visual Image and Modern Jewish Society (Studies in Contemporary Jewry. An Annual VI), New York and Oxford 1990, p. 9–42. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195061888.003.0002
Berkowitz M. (ed.), Nationalism, Zionism and Ethnic Mobilization of the Jews in 1900 and Beyond, Leyden 2004; idem, Western Jewry and the Zionist project, 1914–1933, Cambridge 1997. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/9789047402435
Berkowitz M., The Jewish Self-Image in the West, New York, 2000.
Biale D., Zionism as an Erotic Revolution, [in:] H. Eilberg-Schwartz (ed.), People of the Body. Jews and Judaism from an Embodied Perspective, New York 1992, p. 294–295.
Birnbaum P. and I. Katznelson (ed.), Paths of Emancipation. Jews, States, and Citizenship, Princeton 1995. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/9781400863976
Blue and White in Color. Visual Images of Zionism, 1897–1947, Exhibition catalogue, curator: Rachel Arbel, Beth Hatefutsoth / the Nahum Goldmann Museum of the Jewish Diaspora Tel Aviv, Israel 1996.
Boyarin D., Goyim Naches, or Modernity and the Manliness of the Mentsh, [in:] B. Cheyette and L. Marcus (ed.), Modernity, Culture and ‘the Jew’, Cambridge 1998, p. 63–64.
Boyarin J. and D. Boyarin, Powers of Diaspora. Two Essays on the Relevance of Jewish Culture, Mineapolis–London 2002, s. 13–14.
Buber M., „Ein Wort über Nietzsche und die Lebenswerte“, [in:] Die Kunst im Leben 1, 2, 1900, p. 13–17.
Buber M., On Zion. The History of an Idea (transl. by Stanley Godman), London 1973.
Cohen I., Theodor Herzl: Founder of Political Zionism, New York 1959;
Cohen R.I., [in:] Jewish Icons. Art and Society in Modern Europe, London 1988, p. 223–255.
Cohen R.I., Jewish Icons. Art and Society in Modern Europe, London 1988, p. 223–255.
Edelman R., Ahasverus, the Wandering Jew: Origin and Background, [in:] G. Hasan-Rokem and A. Dundes, The Wandering, p. 33.
Eisen A., Galut: Modern Jewish Refl ection on Homelessness and Homecoming, Bloomington 1986.
Falk A., Herzl, King of the Jews. A Psychoanalytic Biography of Theodor Herzl, Lanham–New York–London 1993.
Fortlage A. and K. Schwartz, Das Graphische Werk von Hermann Struck, Berlin 1911, p. 3–8;
Fraenkel G.G., Theodor Herzl. A Biography, London 1946;
Fuchs E., Die Juden in der Karikatur: ein Beitrage zur Kulturgeschichte, Albert Langen, München 1921
Gelber M.H., Melancholy Pride. Nation, Race, and Gender in the German Literature of Cultural Zionism, Tubingen 2000. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110956085
Gelber M.H., The Jungjudische Bewegung — An Unexplored Chapter in German-Jewish Literally and Cultural History, Leo Baeck Institute Year Book 31, 1986, p. 105–119. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/leobaeck/31.1.105
Gilman S., Difference and Pathology: Stereotypes of Sexuality, Race and Madness, Ithaca 1985.
Gilman S., Franz Kafk a: The Jewish Patent, New York 1995.
Gilman S., Jewish Self-Hatred: Anti-Semitism and the Hidden Language of the Jew, Baltimore 1990. DOI: https://doi.org/10.56021/9780801832765
Gilman S., Love+Marriage=Death. And Other Essays on Representing Difference, Stanford 1998, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/9780804765138
Gilman S., The Jew’s Body, London 1991
Gilman S., The Jew’s Body. Thoughts on Jewish Physical Difference, [in:] N.L. Kleeblatt (ed.), Too Jewish? Challenging Traditional Identities, catalogue exhibition, The Jewish Museum New York, 1996, p. 60.
Goldstein J., The Wandering Jew and the Problem of Psychiatric Anti-Semitism in Fin de-Siecle France, Journal of Contemporary History 20, 1985, p. 535. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/002200948502000403
Golomb J., Nietzsche and Zion, New York 2004. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7591/9781501727214
Golomb J., Nietzsche’s Positive Religion and the Old Testament, [in:] J. Urpeth and J. Lippitt (ed.), Nietzsche and the Divine, Manchester 2000.
Halpern B., J. Reinharz, Zionism and the Creation of the New Society, London 2000;.
Hasan-Rokem G. and A. Dundes (ed.), The Wandering Jew: Essays in the Interpretation of a Christian Legend, Bloomington 1986.
Haumann H. (ed.), The First Zionism Congress in 1897 — Causes, Significance, Topicality, Basel 1997. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1159/isbn.978-3-8055-6544-8
Hecht R. and Y. Zamora, When the Shofar Sounds. Herzl, His Image, Achievements and Selections from His Writing, 1, 2, Haifa 2006.
Herskowitz S.A., Theodor Herzl. If You Will It, It Is Not a Dream, catalogue exhibition, Yeshiva University Museum, New York 1998;
Hertzberg A., The Zionist Idea. A Historical Analysis and Reader, Philadelphia and Jerusalem 1997;
Herzl and the Stock Exchange, [in:] G. Shimoni and R.S. Wistrich (ed.), Theodor Herzl. Visionary of the Jewish State, New York 1999, p. 99–111.
Herzl T., Altneuland: Roman, Leipzig 1902
Herzl T., Das Neue Ghetto, Wien 1898;
Herzl T., Das Palas Bourbon, Leipzig 1905;
Herzl T., Der Flüchtung, Leipzig 1901;
Herzl T., Der Judenstaat. Versuch einer modernen Losung der Judenfrage, Wenn 1897
Herzl T., Feuilletons, Bd. I–II, Berlin–Wien 1903;
Herzl T., Państwo Żydowskie. Próba nowoczesnego rozwiązania kwestii żydowskiej, transl. by J. Surzyn, Kraków 2006.
Herzl T., Philosophische Erzählungen, Berlin 1900
Herzl T., Theodor Herzls Tagebücher, Bd. I–III, Berlin 1922–23.;
Herzl T., U wrót nowego życia — (Altneuland): powiesc-utopja, E. Giltin, 1934;
Herzl T., Zionistische Schriften, ed. L. Kellner, Berlin 1905
Heyd M., Lilien: Between Herzl and Ahasver, [in:] G. Shimoni and R.S. Wistrich (ed.), Theodor Herzl, p. 277– 291.
Kamczycki A., Syjonizm i sztuka. Analiza ikony Theodora Herzla w kontekście aszkenazyjskiego kręgu kulturowego, Studia Judaica 9, 1(17), 2006, p. 33–46.
Kamczycki. A., The Portrait of Herzl by Leopold Pilichowski. The Meanings of the Picture, [in:] J. Malinowski, T. Sztyma-Knasiecka, R. Piątkowska (ed.), Jewish Artist and Eastern-Central Europe: Art-Centres–Identity–Heritage From the XIX Century to the WWII, Warszawa 2010, p. 209–222;
Kaufmann W., Buber’s Failures and His Victory, [in:] Y. Bloch, H. Gordon and M. Dorman (ed.), Martin Buber: One Hundred Years of His Birth, Tel Aviv 1981, p. 21–35.
Kieval H.J., Imagining ‘Masculinity’ in the Jewish Fin de Siecle, [in:] J. Frankel (ed.), Jews and Gender. The Challenge to History (Studies in Contemporary Jewry, An Annual XVI), Oxford 2000, p. 143–172. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195140811.003.0008
Kornberg J., Theodor Herzl. From Assimilation to Zionism, Bloomington and Indianapolis 1993. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2979/3134.0
Lessing T., Der jüdische Selbsthass, Berlin 1930.
Levine E., The Jews in Time and Space, [in:] idem (ed.), Diaspora: Exile and the Jewish Condition, New York 1983, p. 1–11.
Malinowski J., Malarstwo i rzeźba Żydów Polskich w XIX i XX wieku, Warszawa 2000.
Meige H., Etude sur certains neuropathes voyageurs: Le juif-errant a la Salpetriere, Paris 1893.
Mellinkoff R., More about the horned Moses, Jewish Art 13, 1987, p. 185–198.
Mellinkoff R., The Horned Moses in Medieval Art and Though, Berkeley 1970.
Mellinkopf R., The Mark of Cain, London 1981, p. 92. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1525/9780520906372
Mendelsohn E., On Modern Jewish Politics, Oxford 1993; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195038644.001.0001
Muhsam K., Kunstlerportrats: Hermann Struck, Der Kritiker (Berlin) 2, 29, 1913, p. 6.
Nordau M., Zionistische Schrift en 2nd ed. Berlin, 1923.
Ohana D., Zarathustra in Jerusalem: Nietzsche and the ‘New Hebrews’, [in:] D. Ohana and R.S. Wistrich (ed.), The Shaping of Israeli Identity. Myth, Memory and Trauma, London 1995, p. 38–60.
Ohana D., Zarathustra in Jerusalem: Nietzsche and the ‘New Hebrews’, [in:] idem and Robert Wistrich (ed.), The Shaping, p. 38–60. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13517129508719337
Piątkowska R., Pożegnanie z Golusem, [in:] P. Paszkiewicz and T. Zadrożny (ed.), Jerozolima w kulturze europejskiej, Warszawa 1997, p. 115–124.
Pick D., Faces of Degeneration. A European Disorder, 1848–1918, Cambridge 1989. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511558573
Reinharz J. and A. Shapira (ed.), Essential Papers on Zionism, New York and London 1995.
Reiss L.S., Through Artists’ Eyes. The Portraits of Herzl as Revelation of the Man, [in:] M.W. Weisgal (ed.), Theodor Herzl, p. 113–114.
Rosenfeld G.D., Defining Jewish Art. In Ost und West, 1901–1908. A Study in the Nationalisation of Jewish Culture, Leo Baeck Institute Year Book 39, 1994, p. 83–110. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/leobaeck/39.1.83
Ruthers M., ‘Muscle Jews’ and ‘Eff eminate Jews’, [in:] H. Haumann (ed.), The First, p. 320–323;
Salmon Y., Religion and Zionism. First Encounters, Jerusalem 2002.
Schmidt G.G., The Art and Artists of the Fifth Zionist Congress, 1901. Heralds of a New Age, Syracuse–New York 2003;
Schoeps J.H., Theodor Herzl 1860–1904. Wenn Ihr wollt, Ist es kein Marchen, Wien 1995;
Schreckenberg H., The Jews in Christian Art. An Illustrated History, New York 1996.
Schweid E., The Rejection of the Diaspora in Zionist Thought: Two Approaches, [in:] J. Reinharz and A. Shapira (ed.), Essential papers, p. 133–160.
Seidman N., A Mariage made in Haven. The Sexual Politics of Hebrew and Yiddish, Berkeley 1997. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1525/9780520311800
Spiegel Sh., Three Types of Herzlian Opponents. The Theologian, the Philantropist, the Eastern Jew, [in:] M.W. Weisgal (ed.), Theodor Herzl, p. 92–94.
Stand A., Theodor Herzl, Warsaw 1905;
Stanislawski M., Zionism and the Fin de Siecle. Cosmopolitanism and Nationalism from Nordau to Jabotinsky, Berkeley, Los Angeles and London 2001;
Stewart D., Theodor Herzl: Artist and Politician, London 1974;
Tartakover D., M. Scheps, Herzl in profi le. Herzl’s Image in the Applied Arts. Catalogue exhibition, Tel Aviv Museum, 1979;
The Pentateuch and Rashi’s Commentary, transl. by A. Ben Isaiah and B. Sharfman, Brooklyn 1949.
Thon O., Theodor Herzl, Berlin 1914; J. de Haas, Theodor Herzl, I–II, New York 1927.
Weisgal M.W. (ed.), Theodor Herzl. A Memorial, New York 1929;
Wettstein H., Coming to Terms with Exile, [in:] idem (ed.), Diaspora & Exiles. Varieties of Jewish Identity, London 2002, p. 47–8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1525/california/9780520228641.003.0003
Wistrich R.S. (ed.), Demonizing the Other. Antisemitism, Racism and Xenophobia, Amsterdam 1999.
Wistrich R.S., Theodor Herzl: Zionist Icon, Myth-Maker, and Social Utopian, [in:] R. Wistrich and D. Ohana (ed.), The Shaping of Israeli Identity: Myth, Memory and Trauma, London 1995, p. 1–38. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13517129508719336
Zionist Culture and West European Jewry before the First World War, Cambridge 1993.
Licencja
Copyright © 2012 by IKE and PTPN