Aspekty polityczne i militarne „roku czterech cesarzy” (68-69 r. po Chr.). Część 1: do śmierci Galby
PDF

Słowa kluczowe

the Year of the Four Emperors
civil war
Roman Empire

Jak cytować

Kozłowski, J., & Królczyk, K. (2015). Aspekty polityczne i militarne „roku czterech cesarzy” (68-69 r. po Chr.). Część 1: do śmierci Galby. Studia Europaea Gnesnensia, (11), 29–56. https://doi.org/10.14746/seg.2015.11.2

Abstrakt

The Year of the Four Emperors, as the period of civil wars in Rome after Nero’s death is often called, was the first major shake-up which affected the Roman state since a new system of rule, referred to as the Principate, had been established by Augustus. Following the imperial proclamation of Servius Sulpicius Galba, the governor of Spain (June 8th, 68) and the suicide of Nero (June 9th), the Roman state plunged into a profound political crisis. This was because the new emperor found no support either in the City itself, or among the soldiers of legions stationed on the Empire’s frontiers. On January 2nd, 69, Roman army on the Rhine hailed Aulus Vitellius, their commander, as the emperor. As Tacitus observed, this revealed the “secret of rule” (arcanum imperii) – namely one could become an emperor not only in the capital of the Empire but also on its remote periphery. Vitellius immediately began preparations for an armed contest with Galba. However, on January 15th, 69, the latter was murdered in Rome, and praetorians proclaimed M. Salvius Otho as the emperor.

https://doi.org/10.14746/seg.2015.11.2
PDF

Bibliografia

Absil M., Legio I Italica, [w:] Y. Le Bohec (red.), Les légions de Rome sous le Haut-Empire, 1, Lyon 2000, s. 227-238.

Auguet R., Kaligula czyli władza w ręku dwudziestolatka, Warszawa 1990.

Bellen H., Die Rolle der Mainzer Legionen in der Krise des römischen Kaisertums 68-70 n. Chr., Mainzer Zeitschrift 82, 1987, s. 111-122.

Bérard F., La légion XXIe Rapax, [w:] Y. Le Bohec (red.), Les légions de Rome sous le Haut-Empire, 1, Lyon 2000, s. 49-67.

Bloom J.J., The Jewish Revolt against Rome, A.D. 66-135. A Military Analysis, Jefferson-London 2010.

Brunt P.A., The Revolt of Vindex and the Fall of Nero, Latomus 18, 1959, s. 531-559.

Byra M., Pochwała rebelii? Imperium rzymskie wobec powstania Windeksa w 68 r. n.e., [w:] E. Kozerska, P. Sadowski, A. Szymański (red.), Wojna i pokój. Wybrane zagadnienia prawno-historyczne, Opole 2013, s. 55-63.

Byra M., Wojna o tron cezarów (68-70 r. n.e.), Oświęcim 2014.

Cary M., Scullard H. H., Dzieje Rzymu od czasów najdawniejszych do Konstantyna, wyd. 2, Warszawa 2001.

Chilver G.E.F., A Historical Commentary on Tacitus’ Histories I and II, Oxford 1979.

Daly L.J., Verginius at Vesontio: The Incongruity of the ‘Bellum Neronis’, Historia 24, 1975, s. 75-100.

Drexler H., Zur Geschichte Kaiser Othos bei Tacitus und Plutarch, Klio 37, 1959, s. 153-178.

Eck W., Galba (2), Der Neue Pauly IV, 1998, s. 746-747.

Eck W., Die Statthalter der germanischen Provinzen vom 1.–3. Jahrhundert, Köln-Bonn 1985.

Fluss M., Iulius (534), RE X, 1918, kol. 879-881.

Fluss M., Sulpicius (63), RE IV A, 1931, kol. 772-801.

Franke T., Legio V Alaudae, [w:] Les légions de Rome sous le Haut-Empire, 1, Lyon 2000, s. 39-48.

Franke T., Legio XXII Primigenia, [w:] Les légions de Rome sous le Haut-Empire, 1, Lyon 2000, s. 95-104.

Goldfinger R., Fabius (151), RE VI, 1909, kol. 1869-1872.

Gómez-Pantoja J., Legio IIII Macedonica, [w:] Les légions de Rome sous le Haut-Empire, 1, Lyon 2000, s. 105-117.

Goodyear F.R.D., The Annals of Tacitus. Books 1-6,1: Annals 1. 1-54, Cambridge 1972, s. 194-323.

Grant M., Neron, Warszawa 1980.

Graßl H., Untersuchungen zum Vierkaiserjahr 68/69 n. Chr: Ein Beitrag zur Ideologie und Sozialstruktur des frühen Prinzipats, Wien 1973.

Greenhalgh P.A.L., The Year of Four Emperors, London 1975.

Griffin M., Nero. The End of a Dynasty, New York 2001.

Groag E., Caecina (10), RE III 1897, kol. 1238-1240.

Groag E., Calpurnius (100), RE III, 1897, kol. 1399-1400.

Hadas-Lebel M., Józef Flawiusz – Żyd rzymski, Warszawa 1997.

Hainsworth J.B., The Starting-Point of Tacitus’ Historiae: Fear or Favour by Omission?, Greece & Rome, Second Series 11, 1964, s. 128-136.

Hanslik R., Vinius (5), RE IX A, kol. 124-127.

Henderson B.W., Civil War and Rebellion in the Roman Empire A.D. 69-70: A Companion to the ‘Histories’ of Tacitus, London 1908.

Henderson W., Life and Principate of the Emperor Nero, London 1903.

Holzapfel L., Römische Kaiserdaten, Klio 12, 1912, s. 483-493.

Idziak M., Legion XX Valeria Victrix w Brytanii, Zabrze 2009.

Jaczynowska M., Dzieje Imperium Romanum, Warszawa 1995.

Jones B.W., The Emperor Titus, London-Sydney-New York 1984.

Jones B., Milns R., Suetonius: The Flavian Emperors. A Historical Commentary, Bristol 2002.

Kappelmacher A., Licinius (116a), RE XIII, 1926, kol. 436-439.

Kienast D., Römische Kaisertabelle. Grundzüge einer römischen Kaiserchronologie, wyd. 3, Darmstadt 2004.

Kolendo J., Le recruitment des légions au temps de Néron et la création de la legio I Italica, [w:] Limes. Akten des XI. Internationalen Limeskongresses, Budapest 1977, s. 399-408.

Kolendo J., Sur la date de la création de la legio I Italica, [w:] Studia in honorem Borisi Gerov, Sofia 1990, s. 128-133.

Kraay C.M., The Coinage of Vindex and Galba, AD 68, and the Continuity of the Augustan Principate, Numismatic Chronicle 9, 1949, s. 129-149.

Królczyk K., Bunt Windeksa, [w:] L. Mrozewicz (red.), Studia Flaviana II, Poznań 2012, s. 19-43.

Levick B., Vespasian, London-New York 1999.

Liechtenhan E., Das Ziel des Aufstandes der Rheinarmee, Museum Helveticum 4, 1947, s. 52-67.

Little D., Ehrhardt Ch. (tłum. i kom.), Plutarch: Lives of Galba & Otho. A Companion, London 1994.

Mayer R. (red.), Tacitus, Dialogus de oratoribus, Cambridge 2001.

McAlindon D., Senatorial Opposition to Claudius and Nero, American Journal of Philology 72, 1956, s. 113-132.

Morgan G., 69 A.D. The Year of Four Emperors, Oxford 2006.

Murison Ch. L., Galba, Otho and Vitellius: Careers and Controversies, Hildesheim-Zürich-New York 1993.

Murison Ch. L., Rebellion and Reconstruction: Galba to Domitian. An Historical Commentary on Cassius Dio’s Roman History, Books 64-67 (A.D. 68-96), Atlanta (Georgia) 1999.

Nagl A., Salvius (21), RE I A, 1920, kol. 2035-2055.

Pfeiffer S., Die Zeit der Flavier. Vespasian – Titus – Domitian, Darmstadt 2009.

Richter B., Vitellius. Ein Zerrbild der Geschichtsschreibung. Untersuchungen zum Prinzipat des A. Vitellius, Frankfurt am Main-Berlin-Bern-New York-Paris-Wien 1992.

Ritterling E., Legio, RE XII, 1924-1925, kol. 1211-1829.

Rogers R.S., Heirs and Rivals to Nero, Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association 86, 1955, s. 190-212.

Rohdich W., Das Dreikaiserjahr 1888: Wilhelm I., Friedrich III., Wilhelm II., Fried¬berg/H. 1987.

Ruciński S., Pierwszy stronnik Wespazjana: Tyberiusz Juliusz Aleksander, [w:] L. Mrozewicz (red.), Studia Flaviana, Poznań 2010, s. 81-93.

Sarnowski T., Wojsko rzymskie w Mezji Dolnej i na północnym wybrzeżu Morza Czarnego, Warszawa 1988.

Schuster M., Verginius (27), RE VIII A, 1958, kol. 1536-1543.

Shotter D.C.A., The Starting-Dates of Tacitus’ Historical Works, Classical Quarterly 17, 1967, s. 158-163.

Shotter D.C.A., A Time-Table for the ‘Bellum Neronis’, Historia 24, 1975, s. 59-74.

Smallwood E.M., The Jews under Roman Rule. From Pompey to Diocletian, Leiden 1976.

Syme R., Tacitus, wyd. 2, Oxford 1997.

Turner E.G., Tiberius Iulius Alexander, Journal of Roman Studies 44, 1954, s. 54-64.

Wellesley K., The Long Year: A.D. 69, London 1975.

Wellesley K., The Year of the Four Emperors, London 2000.

Wiedemann T.E.J., From Nero to Vespasian, [w:] A.K. Bowman, E. Champlin, A. Lintott (red.), The Cambridge Ancient History, wyd. 2, 10: The Augustan Empire, 43 B.C.–A.D. 69, wyd. 5, Cambridge 2009, s. 256-282.

Wilkes J.J., A Note on the Mutiny of the Pannonian Legions in A.D. 14, Classical Quarterly 13, 1963, s. 268-271.