Trumpizm i Europejska skrajna prawica: Analiza wpływu Trumpizmu na AfD, Lega Nord i Fidesz po 2016 roku

Article Sidebar

PDF (English)
Opublikowane: gru 15, 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.14746/ssp.2021.4.5
Słowa kluczowe:
Trumpizm, europejska skrajna prawica, populizm, AfD, Fidesz, La Lega Nord

Main Article Content

Dawid Aristotelis Fusiek
Instytut Europejskich Demokratów
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7073-104X
Cecilia Marconi
John Hopkins University
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5097-6816

Abstrakt

Celem artykułu jest zbadanie relacji między Trumpizmem a skrajnie prawicowymi partiami politycznymi w Europie. Połączenie wspólnych rdzeni ideologicznych i konfrontacji z podobnymi „wrogami” doprowadziło do powstania niespotykanej dotąd relacji, w której Trump odgrywa rolę „międzynarodowego ojca chrzestnego” i inspiratora europejskiej skrajnej prawicy. W celu zbadania tej relacji praca skupia się na odniesieniach do aktywności Donalda Trumpa, jego polityki i wypowiedzi w latach 2016–2020 w dyskursie Alternative für Deutschland (AfD), Węgierskiej Partii Obywatelskiej (Fidesz) i Lega Nord (Lega). Analiza dyskursu trzech partii w zakresie bezpieczeństwa, imigracji, polityki zagranicznej i korupcji pokazuje, że partie te wykorzystały Trumpizm jako inspirację w trzech aspektach. Po pierwsze, użyły go do normalizacji wcześniej istniejących skrajnie prawicowych ideologii i praktyk w kontekście narodowym i europejskim. Po drugie, naśladowali dyskurs Trumpa i jego polityki do zwiększenia jego popularności i wsparcia własnych dążeń narodowościowych. Po trzecie, wykorzystali walkę i idee Trumpa do uzasadnienia narodowych metod, wierzeń, krytyk i celów politycznych. W związku z tym artykuł ma ustalić główne motywy do wykorzystania Trumpizmu przez europejską skrajną prawicę do ustanowienia podwalin dla przyszłych analiz krytycznych i lepszego zrozumienia tej niespotykanej relacji.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Article Details

Jak cytować
Fusiek, D. A., & Marconi, C. (2021). Trumpizm i Europejska skrajna prawica: Analiza wpływu Trumpizmu na AfD, Lega Nord i Fidesz po 2016 roku. Środkowoeuropejskie Studia Polityczne, (4), 61-84. https://doi.org/10.14746/ssp.2021.4.5
Numer
Nr 4 (2021)
Dział
Artykuły
Creative Commons License

Utwór dostępny jest na licencji Creative Commons Uznanie autorstwa 4.0 Międzynarodowe.

Teksty opublikowane na łamach czasopisma "Środkowoeuropejskie Studia Polityczne" i udostępniane w formacie PDF objęte są licencją CC BY 4.0 (Creative Commons - Uznanie autorstwa). Kopiowanie i rozpowszechnianie dozwolone jest pod warunkiem uznania autorstwa.

 

 

Biogramy autorów

Dawid Aristotelis Fusiek, Instytut Europejskich Demokratów

Dawid Aristotelis FUSIEK – pracownik Uniwersytetu w Utrechcie i Uniwersytetu w Pireusie. Dawid A. Fusiek jest obecnie badaczem w Instytucie Europejskich Demokratów. Jest także członkiem różnych think tanków, np. IIED, ELIAMEP i EPRS. Opublikował prace badawcze z zakresu polityki zagranicznej Unii Europejskiej i bezpieczeństwa, a także dotyczące problematyki filozoficznej i politologicznej.

Cecilia Marconi, John Hopkins University

Cecilia MARCONI – pracowniczka Uniwersytetu Johna Hopkinsa (SAIS) oraz Uniwersytetu Bolońskiego. Wykształcona w zakresie stosunków międzynarodowych i ekonomii. Autorka prac o Ameryce Północnej we włoskiej gazecie „Lo Spiegone”. Interesuje się komunikacją polityczną i sprawami europejskimi, a także prowadzi analizy eurosceptycyzmu i ruchów populistycznych.

Referencje

  1. Alternative für Deutschland (AfD) (2018a), Georg Pazderski: Trump Kennt Kriminalität In Deutschland Wohl Besser Als Merkel – Alternative Für Deutschland, “Alternative Für Deutschland”, accessed February 2021, https://www.afd.de/georg-pazderski-trump-kennt-kriminalitaet-in-deutschland-wohl-besser-als-merkel/.
  2. Alternative für Deutschland (AfD) (2018b), Georg Pazderski: Deutschland Täte Gut Daran, Sich Unvoreingenommen Mit Trump Und Seiner Agenda Zu Befassen – Alternative Für Deutschland, “Alternative Für Deutschland”, accessed February 2021, https://www.afd.de/georg-pazderski-deutschland-taete-gut-daran-sich-unvoreingenommen-mit-donald-trump-zu-befassen/.
  3. Alternative für Deutschland (AfD) (2017a), Glückwunschtelegramm Der Afd And Donald Trump – Alternative Für Deutschland, 2017, “Alternative Für Deutschland”, accessed February 2021, https://www.afd.de/glueckwunschtelegramm-der-afd-an-donald-trump/.
  4. Alternative für Deutschland (AfD) (2017b), Gauland: Frau Merkel Ist Die Schoßpuppe Von Gabriel – Alternative Für Deutschland, “Alternative Für Deutschland”, accessed February 2021, https://www.afd.de/gauland-frau-merkel-ist-die-schosspuppe-von-gabriel/.
  5. Alternative für Deutschland (AfD) (2019), Afd Demands Radical EU Reforms To Avoid Germany’s ‘Dexit’, DW, 13.01.2019, DW.COM, accessed February 2021, https://www.dw.com/en/afd-demands-radical-eu-reforms-to-avoid-germanys-dexit/a-47066983.
  6. ANSA (2016), Salvini hails Trump election as ‘revenge of the people’, ANSA.com, accessed February 2021, https://www.ansa.it/english/news/2016/11/09/salvini-hails-trump-election-as-revenge-of-the-people-3_e5b17b7b-819f-481c-808c-92fe742baa81.html.
  7. Apperly E. (2019), Why Europe’s Far-right Is Targeting Gender Studies, “The Atlantic”, accessed February 2021, https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2019/06/europe-far-right-target-gender-studies/591208/.
  8. Arfini L. (2017), Salvini and Di Maio harshly attack Italian journalists on social media − but in different ways – The New Federalist, “The New Federalist”, accessed February 2021, https://www.thenewfederalist.eu/salvini-and-di-maio-harshly-attack-italian-journalists-on-social-media-%E2%88%92?lang=fr.
  9. Bale J. M., Eatwell R. et al. (2017), The Darkest Sides of Politics, I: Postwar Fascism, Covert Operations, and Terrorism, Routledge.
  10. BBC (2018), Migrant Crisis: Italy Minister Salvini Closes Ports To NGO Boats, accessed February 2021, https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-44668062.
  11. BBC (2020), Italy’s Salvini To Face New Trial Over Migrant Ship Blockade, “BBC News”, accessed February 2021, https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-53592852.
  12. Beeman R. D. (2018), What are the three characteristics of Trumpism? A Discourse Analysis of Trump’s Four Major Campaign Speeches, “Political Analysis”, 19(1), 2.
  13. Beinart P. (2020), Trump Has A Different Definition Of ‘Corruption’, “The Atlantic”, accessed February 2021, https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2020/08/trump-has-different-definition-corruption/615802/.
  14. Bennett A., Checkel J. (eds.) (2014), Process Tracing: From Metaphor to Analytic Tool (Strategies for Social Inquiry), Cambridge University Press, doi: 10.1017/CBO9781139858472.
  15. Bennett A., Alexander L. G. (2005), Case studies and theory development in the social sciences, MIT Press.
  16. Bennhold K. (2020), Qanon Is Thriving In Germany. The Extreme Right Is Delighted, Nytimes.com, accessed February 2021, https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/11/world/europe/qanon-is-thriving-in-germany-the-extreme-right-is-delighted.html.
  17. Beydoun K. A. (2016), Islamophobia: Toward a Legal Definition and Framework, “Columbia Law Review Online” 108, available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2933156.
  18. Borger J. (2019), Trump Lauds Hungary’s Nationalist PM Orbán For ‘Tremendous Job’, “The Guardian”, accessed February 2021, https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2019/may/13/trump-latest-viktor-Orbán-hungary-prime-minister-white-house.
  19. Brady K. (2017), EU’s Right-Wing ENF Faction Unites To Fight For ‘Patriotism, Sovereignty And Identity’, DW, 21.01.2017, DW.COM, accessed February 2021, https://www.dw.com/en/eus-right-wing-enf-faction-unites-to-fight-for-patriotism-sovereignty-and-identity/a-37224232.
  20. Carter E. (2018), Right-wing extremism/radicalism: reconstructing the concept, “Journal of Political Ideologies”, 23:2, pp. 157–182, DOI: 10.1080/13569317.2018.1451227.
  21. Colvin J., Zeke M. (2018), Trump Stands By “Culture” Criticism Of European Immigration, “Denverpost.Com, accessed February 2021, https://www.denverpost.com/2018/07/13/trump-criticism-european-immigration/.
  22. Conley R. S. (2020), Donald Trump and American Populism. New Perspectives on the American Presidency, Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh.
  23. Cox M. (2017), The Rise of Populism and the Crisis of Globalisation: Brexit, Trump and Beyond, “Irish Studies in International Affairs” 28, pp. 9–17, https://doi-org.proxy.library.uu.nl/10.3318/isia.2017.28.12.
  24. Cummings W., Philips K. (2020), Trump Says He’ll Designate Antifa A Terror Organization, Blames Group For Violence At George Floyd Protests, Eu.Usatoday.Com. accessed February 2021, https://eu.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2020/05/31/george-floyd-protests-trump-antifa-terrorist-organization/5299766002/.
  25. Dettmer J. (2020), US Election Results Dismay Trump’s Populist Allies In Europe, “Voice Of America”, accessed February 2021, https://www.voanews.com/europe/us-election-results-dismay-trumps-populist-allies-europe.
  26. Donadio R. (2019), The Italian Donald Trump Visits Washington, “The Atlantic”, accessed February 2021, https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2019/06/salvini-us-visit/591874/.
  27. Down I., Kyung Joon H. (2020), Far-right Parties And ‘Europe’: Societal Polarization and The Limits Of EU Issue Contestation, “Journal of European Integration”, 43:1, pp. 65–81, DOI: 10.1080/07036337.2020.1728263.
  28. European Parliament (2020), Classification of Antifa As A Terrorist Group, Europarl.Europa.Eu, accessed February 2021, https://www.europarl.europa.eu/doceo/document/E-9-2020-003936_EN.html.
  29. Follain J., Albanese C. (2019), Salvini Tells Italians He Can Be Their Very Own Donald Trump, Bloomberg.com, retrieved February 20, 2021, https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-05-16/salvini-tells-italians-he-can-be-their-very-own-donald-trump.
  30. Gherasim C. (2016), Eastern Europe Wakes Up With Trump Hangover, accessed February 19, 2021, “Euobserver”, https://euobserver.com/political/150698.
  31. Giudici A. (2021), Seeds of authoritarian opposition: Far-right education politics in post-war Europe, “European Educational Research Journal”, 20(2), pp. 121–142, DOI: 10.1177/1474904120947893.
  32. Gorondi P. (2016), Hungary’s Orban says Donald Trump better for Europe, Timesofisrael.com, accessed February 2021, https://www.timesofisrael.com/hungarys-orban-says-donald-trump-better-for-europe/.
  33. Griffin R. (2000), Interregnum or endgame? The radical right in the ‘post-fascist’ era, “Journal of Political Ideologies”, 5(2), pp. 163–178, DOI: 10.1080/713682938.
  34. Hackman M. (2020), Where Trump And Biden Stand On Immigration, Border Wall And ICE, WSJ, accessed February 2021, https://www.wsj.com/articles/where-trump-and-biden-stand-on-immigration-border-wall-and-ice-11600335000?mod=e2fb&fbclid=IwAR1i5eppcT3obvruhQRTTnDYuW1epuAHSsNUTANOet_JPSNQWaFA1uCItAc.
  35. Hestermann T., Hoven E. (2019), Kriminalität In Deutschland Im Spiegel Von Pressemitteilungen Der Alternative Für Deutschland (Afd) – Kripoz, Kripoz.De, https://kripoz.de/2019/05/29/kriminalitaet-in-deutschland-im-spiegel-von-pressemitteilungen-der-alternative-fuer-deutschland-afd/.
  36. ID (2020), Identity and Democracy, Twitter.com, https://twitter.com/IDParty_/status/1352569596755238914.
  37. John T., Ritchie H. (2019), Salvini Has Been ‘Following’ Trump’s Immigration Policies, But He Will Not Separate Children, CNN, accessed February 2021, https://edition.cnn.com/2019/06/14/europe/salvini-immigration-amanpour-intl/index.html.
  38. Khrebtan-Hörhager J. (2018), Inflammatory Rhetoric of Othering in Times of Humanitarian Crises, National Communication Association, accessed February 2021, https://www.natcom.org/communication-currents/inflammatory-rhetoric-othering-times-humanitarian-crises.
  39. Kirchgaessner S. (2016), Donald Trump Gets My Backing, Says Italy’s Matteo Salvini, “The Guardian”, accessed February 2021, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/apr/26/donald-trump-gets-my-backing-says-italys-matteo-salvini.
  40. Knight B. (2016), Merkel congratulates Trump as politicians express shock, DW.com, accessed February 2021, https://www.dw.com/en/merkel-congratulates-trump-as-politicians-express-shock/a-36318866.
  41. Koukakis N. (2018), Not all Europeans hate Trump’s tariff policy – Italy’s far-right PM candidate loves it, CNBC, accessed February 2021, https://www.cnbc.com/2018/03/02/italys-far-right-populist-pm-candidate-loves-trumps-tariff-policy.html.
  42. Lendval P. (2017), Orbaěn: Europe’s New Strongman | College Of Europe, Coleurope.eu, accessed February 2021, https://www.coleurope.eu/orban-europes-new-strongman.
  43. Mammone A. (2015), Transnational neofascism in France and Italy, Cambridge University Press.
  44. McLaughlin D. (2019), Hungary’s Orbán Derides’ Liberal Imperialism’ After New EU Court Defeat, “The Irish Times”, accessed February 2021, https://www.irishtimes.com/news/world/europe/hungary-s-orban-derides-liberal-imperialism-after-new-eu-court-defeat-1.4283498.
  45. Mudde C., Kaltwasser C. R. (2013), Political leadership and populism, in: The Oxford Handbook of Political Leadership, DOI: 0.1093/oxfordhb/9780199653881.013.016.
  46. Mudde Cas. (2019), The far-right today, John Wiley & Sons.
  47. Norris P., Inglehart R. (2019), Cultural backlash: Trump, Brexit, and authoritarian populism, Cambridge University Press, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108595841.
  48. Olsen G. R. (2019), Donald Trump and “America first”: the road ahead is open, “International Politics”, pp. 1–19.
  49. Oltermann P., Connolly K. (2016), Angela Merkel Admits Mistakes Over Asylum Seekers After Disastrous Election, “The Guardian”, accessed February 19, 2021, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/sep/19/angela-merkel-admits-mistakes-asylum-seekers-election.
  50. Orbán V. (2017), Abouthungary.hu, accessed February 19, 2021, http://abouthungary.hu/speeches-and-remarks/prime-minister-viktor-orbans-speech-at-the-closing-event-for-the-national-consultation/.
  51. Orbán V. (2021), Facebook.com, accessed February 2021, https://www.facebook.com/Orbánviktor/photos/a.311926051092/10154577434131093/.
  52. Petzinger J. (2017), Germany’S Far-Right Party Hired an Ad Agency That Worked On The Trump Campaign, Quartz, https://qz.com/1067764/germanys-far-right-afd-party-hires-harris-media-an-ad-agency-that-worked-for-the-trump-campaign/.
  53. Politico (2016), Transcript: Donald Trump’s National Security Speech, accessed February 2021, https://www.politico.com/story/2016/06/transcript-donald-trump-national-security-speech-224273.
  54. Reuters (2017), Ruling Fidesz Party Wants Soros-Funded NGOs “Swept Out” Of Hungary, U.S., accessed February 2021, https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-hungary-fidesz-soros-idUKKBN14U2O3?edition-redirect=uk.
  55. Reuters (2020), Hungary Government Proposes Constitutional Amendment Mandating Christian Gender Roles, U.S., accessed February 2021, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-hungary-lgbt-constitution-idUSKBN27Q34Z.
  56. Reynolds J. (2019), Matteo Salvini: Can Italy’s Populist Leader Return To Power?, BBC News, accessed February 2021, https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-44921974.
  57. Roth S. (2019), Progressive And Right-Wing Counter-Movements Are Rising In The Age Of Brexit, LSE BREXIT, https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/brexit/2019/02/28/counter-movements-to-brexit-are-on-the-rise/.
  58. Scally Derek (2016), Germany’s populist AfD steps up anti-Muslim policies, “The Irish Times”, accessed February 2021, https://www.irishtimes.com/news/world/europe/germany-s-populist-afd-steps-up-anti-muslim-policies-1.2614789.
  59. Schlagwein F. (2021), Hungary: ‘Black Lives Matter’ Sculpture Stirs Controversy | DW | 12.01.2021, DW, accessed February 2021, https://www.dw.com/en/hungary-black-lives-matter-R-stirs-controversy/a-56194846.
  60. Shabi R. (2016), How Europe’S Far-Right Feasts on Trump’S Victory, Aljazeera, accessed February 2021, https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2016/11/17/how-europes-far-right-feasts-on-trumps-victory.
  61. Tjalve V. S. (2020), The Return Of Machismo Geopolitics, DIIS, accessed February 2021.
  62. Tondo L. (2019), ‘Sardines’ Against Salvini: Italy’s Fight Against the Far-right, “The Guardian”, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/dec/14/sardines-pack-piazza-in-rome-for-protest-against-matteo-salvini.
  63. Trevor J., Knight-Finley M. (2019), Immigration Policy and Left-Right Politics in Western Europe, The Palgrave Handbook of Ethnicity.
  64. Vogel K. P., Scott S., Patrick K. (2018), How Vilification Of George Soros Moved From The Fringes To The Mainstream (Published 2018), “Nytimes”, accessed February 2021, https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/31/us/politics/george-soros-bombs-trump.html.
  65. Waterfield B. (2020), Donald Trump Is Our Ally In War On EU’ Loopy Liberals’, Says Viktor Orban, Thetimes.Co.Uk, accessed February 2021, https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/hungary-s-leader-viktor-orban-backs-donald-trump-against-loopy-liberals-rwmf56mc7.
  66. Wildangel R. (2018), No Alternative: What The Afd Wants for Europe, ECFR, accessed February 2021, https://ecfr.eu/article/commentary_no_alternative_what_the_afd_wants_for_europe/.
  67. Zalan E. (2021), Orbán hosts first major meeting on new right-wing alliance, “EUobserver”, accessed February 2021, https://euobserver.com/democracy/151408.