Słowa kluczowe
przycisk „Lubię to”
media alternatywne
Słowacja
Matovič
Kollár
populizm
Jak cytować
Abstrakt
W ramach badania przeprowadzono analizę osobisto-ideologiczną przynależności ideowej wybranych populistycznych przywódców do alternatywnych mediów w oparciu o ich trwałe „polubienia” treści na Facebooku. Stwierdzono, że założenie, iż populistyczni przywódcy „lubią” (zarówno w przenośni, jak i dosłownie) alternatywne media, jest błędne. Boris Kollár, przewodniczący parlamentu i jeden z najaktywniejszych polityków na Facebooku, w ogóle nie używał przycisku „lubię to”, podczas gdy Igor Matovič, ówczesny premier Słowacji, wybrał i „polubił” niektóre strony, ale preferował wysokiej jakości liberalne media informacyjne głównego nurtu. Specyfika systemu wyborczego może pomóc wyjaśnić, dlaczego populistyczni politycy odgrywają kluczową rolę w reprezentowanych przez siebie ruchach i dlaczego media społecznościowe są dla nich tak pomocne w tym procesie.
Finansowanie
This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 822590 (DEMOS).
Bibliografia
Balfour R. (2019), Divide and Obstruct: Populist Parties and EU Foreign Policy, GMF, https://www.gmfus.org/news/divide-and-obstruct-populist-parties-and-eu-foreign-policy.
Barber N. W. (2019), Populist leaders and political parties, “German Law Journal”, 20(2), pp. 129–140.
Bárdy P., Diskusia Petra Bárdyho s odborníkmi: Čo hrozí médiám v strednej Európe? [Discussion of Peter Bárdy with experts: What constitutes a threat to the media in Central Europe?], aktuality.sk, December 14, 2020, https://www.aktuality.sk/clanok/847083/diskusia-petra-bardyho-s-odbornikmi-co-hrozi-mediam-v-strednej-europe/.
Bárdy P. (2021), Obyčajný Matovič. Homo vulgaris [A Common Man Matovič. Homo Vulgaris], Ringier Axel Springer.
Beblavý M. (2015, June 5), Každý chce svojho poslanca [Everyone Wants to Get His an MP], “Denník N”, https://dennikn.sk/152128/kazdy-chce-mat-svojho-poslanca/.
Dobrotková M., Bekmatov A., Chlebcová Hečková A., Kuciak J. (2019), Slovak Mass Media in the 21st Century: Current Challenges, Peter Lang Verlag, Berlin, Germany, https://www.peterlang.com/document/1068757, Feb 15, 2022.
Dolný B., Malová D. (2017), Organisational Structures of Political Parties in Slovakia: Parties not for Members, in: Organizational Structures of Political Parties in Central and Eastern European Countries, eds. K. Sobolewska-Myślik, B. Kosowska-Gąstoł, P. Borowiec, Jagiellonian University Press, pp. 391–418.
Frank M. (2020, April 15), Volebný systém je dedičstvom Mečiara, neodráža pozíciu slovenských regiónov [The Electoral System is Legacy of Mečiar, it does not reflec the position of Slovak regions], “Korzár”, http://www.misokalinak.sk/volebny-system-je-dedicstvom-meciara-neodraza-poziciu-slovenskych-regionov/.
Frič P., Gyárfášová O. (2019), The Rise of the Politics of Emotions: Anti-Elitism and Anti-Corruptism as Traits of Czech and Slovak Populist Parties, “Political Sciences/Politické Vedy”, 22(4), pp. 221–246.
Garaj M. (2018), Politické strany a stranícke systémy v krajinách Vyšehradskej skupiny [Political Parties and Party Systems in Visegrad Group], in: Transformácia a premeny politických systémov v krajinách Vyšehradskej skupiny, ed. M. Švikruha, IRIS, pp. 145–166.
Gyárfášová O. (2018), The fourth generation: from anti-establishment to anti-system parties in Slovakia, “New Perspectives. Interdisciplinary Journal of Central & East European Politics and International Relations”, 26(1), pp. 109–133.
Haller A., Holt K. (2019), Paradoxical populism: How PEGIDA relates to mainstream and alternative media, “Information, Communication & Society”, 22(12), pp. 1665–1680.
Hoyng R. (2019), Digital Intimacy and its Metadata: Rethinking Populism, in: N. Ribeiro, B. Zelizer, F. Lee and R. Kunelius, Media and Populism 1st Lisbon Winter School for the Study of Communication, pp. 50–56, https://www.ascmediarisk.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/Media-and-Populism-Ebook-Versao-Final.pdf.
Hrabovská Francelová N. (2020), Unpredictable, controversial, but the only one to defeat Smer. Meet Igor Matovič, “The Slovak Spectator”, 2020, March 1,
https://spectator.sme.sk/c/22338284/the-man-who-defeated-smer-who-is-igor-matovic.html.
Ižak Š. (2019), Using the topic of migration by pro-Kremlin propaganda: Case study of Slovakia, “Journal of Comparative Politics”, 12(1), pp. 53–70.
Jurík J. (2020, July 6), Ako InfoSecurity a Blbec.online narúšajú súkromie a podkopávajú demokraciu [How InfoSecurity and Blbec.online intervene into privacy and undermine democracy] Hrot.info, https://hrot.info/manipulacie/2655-ako-infosecurity-narusaju-sukromie-a-podkopavaju-demokraciu?
Kapec M. (2019), Mainstreamové a alternatívne médiá v slovenskom mediálnom priestore [Mainstream and Alternative Media in Slovak Media Space], in: Megatrendy a Médiá 2019: Digital Universe, eds. Z. Bučková, A. Kačincová Predmerská, L. Rusňáková, FKM UCM, pp. 89–104.
Kepplová Z. (2020, November 20), Samobulvarizácia IM [Self-Tabloidisation of IM], SME, p. 12.
Kern M. (2020, May 10), Boris Kollár: Aj dýka do chrbta je len podpichovanie, robíte z komára somára [Boris Kollár: Even a Knife in a Back is just chatting, you are strongly exaggerating], “Denník N”, https://dennikn.sk/1887019/boris-kollar-aj-dyka-do-chrbta-je-len-podpichovanie-robite-z-komara-somara/?ref=tema.
KK (2020a), Skrytá zbraň Igora Matoviča alebo prečo nepotrebuje hovorcu [Secret Weapon of Igor Matovič or why he does not need a Speaker], Katedra Komunikácie, March 22, 2020a, https://katedrakomunikacie.sk/skryta-zbran-igora-matovica/.
KK (2020b), Ako nevyšiel pokus o Matovičovu oficiálnu stránku [How failed an attempt at Matovič’s officaial webpage], Katedra Komunikácie, July 24, 2020b, https://katedrakomunikacie.sk/ako-matovic-zrusil-svoju-oficialnu-stranku/.
Konšpirátori.sk, Zoznam stránok so sporným obsahom [A List of Websites with Controversial Content], Konšpirátori, 2020, https://www.konspiratori.sk/zoznam-stranok.php.
Kopeček L. (2004), Institutionalization of Slovak political parties and charismatic leaders, “Středoevropské politické studie”, 6(1), no pagination, https://journals.muni.cz/cepsr/article/view/4029/5292.
Krajči, Konzelmannová Ľ. K. (2020), Kulturologické sondy do problematiky alternatívnych médií na Slovensku [Culturological Insights into Problematics of Alternative Media in Slovakia] “Culturologica Slovaca”, pp. 192–208.
Lichý M. (2020, December 21), Hovorca KBS k šíreniu dezinformácií prostredníctvom internetu [KBS Press Secretary on Dissemination of Disinformation via Internet], TKKBS, https://www.tkkbs.sk/view.php?cisloclanku=20201221034?ref=mwat.
Marincea A., Školkay A. (2020), Boris Kollár and OĽaNO Party Communication on Facebook [Komunikácia Borisa Kollára a OľaNO na Facebooku], “Politické Vedy” (online), 23(4), pp. 109–136.
Marušiak J. (2017), Political entrepreneurs as a challenge for the party system in Slovakia, “Politologický časopis-Czech Journal of Political Science”, 24(2), pp. 179–200.
Micha J., Rusňák A. (2019), The Business of Misinformation: Slovakia Snake Oil Spills onto the Web, CEU School for Public Policy, Budapest, https://cmds.ceu.edu/sites/cmcs.ceu.hu/files/attachment/basicpage/1662/businessofmisinformationslovakiafinal.pdf.
Michalcová M., et al. (2020, August 4), Matovičov Facebook je zatiaľ len „populist-lite” [Matovič´s FB is so far only “populist-lite”], Katedra Komunikácie, https://katedrakomunikacie.sk/matovicov-facebook-je-zatial-len-populist-lite/.
Mikušovič D. (2021), Matovič, premiér v teniskách [Matovič, the Prime Minister in Sneakers], N Press.
Mikušovič D. (2020, April 28), Šéf úradu vlády: V kancelárii som našiel Ficovho bratranca, Che Guevaru na stene a Erika Tomáša medzi zamestnancami [The Head of the Office of the Chancellery: There was Fico´s brother in law, Picture of Che Guevara and Erik Tomáš among Emplyoyees], “Denník N”, https://dennikn.sk/1872809/sef-uradu-vlady-v-kancelarii-som-nasiel-ficovho-bratranca-che-guevaru-na-stene-a-erika-tomasa-medzi-zamestnancami/?ref=tema.
Mk (2017), Dekanka FMK ku kauze Rostása na konferencii: Nenecháme sa spútať mainstreamom [FMK Dean on Cause Rostás on a Conferecne: We won’t allow to be put into chains by the mainstream], April 22, 2017, omediach.com, https://www.omediach.com/tlac/11008-dekanka-fmk-ku-kauze-rostasa-na-konferencii-nenechame-sa-sputat-mainstreamom.
mk (2020), Facebooku došla trpezlivosť už aj so Slobodným vysielačom [FB has lost patience with Free Broadcaster, too], “O médiách”, October 20, 2020, https://www.omediach.com/hoaxy/19020-facebooku-dosla-trpezlivost-uz-aj-so-slobodnym-vysielacom.
Nai A., Martinez i Coma F. (2019), The personality of populists: provocateurs, charismatic leaders, or drunken dinner guests?, “West European Politics”, 42(7), pp. 1337–1367.
Oravcová V.,, Plenta P., Vicenová R. (2019), Slovakia, in: European Elections Campaign. Images, Topics, Media in the 28 Member States, ed. E. Novelli, B. Johansson, Brussels EEMC, pp. 224–230.
RTVS (2018), Reportéri (Alternatívne versus Štandardné médiá) [Reporters (Alternative versus Standard Media], 26.11.2018 22:35, https://www.rtvs.sk/televizia/archiv/15230/173207#0.
Sawiris M. et al. (2020), Analýza Facebooku a webstránok v kontext predvolebnej kampane [FB and Webpages Analyses in the Context of Pre-Election Campaigning], Globsec.
Sawiris M., Klingová K. (2019), Character Assassination, Conspiracies and Manipulation: Slovak Presidential Election through the Lens of Disinformation Channels on Facebook, Globsec, https://www.globsec.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/Presidential-Election-Monitoring-report.pdf.
Soare S. (2017), Populism and Leadership: Is There Anything New Under the Sun?, “Studia Universitatis Babes-Bolyai-Studia Europaea”, 62(3), pp. 121–149.
Spáč P. (2016), The role of ballot ranking: preferential voting in a nationwide constituency in Slovakia, “East European Politics and Societies”, 30(03), pp. 644–663.
Struhárik F. (2020a, February 26), Blaha ovládol dezinformačnú scénu, žiadna konšpiračná stránka sa mu nevyrovná [Blaha dominates disinformation arena, no other conspiratory webpage can compete with him], “Denník N”, https://dennikn.sk/1774122/blaha-ovladol-dezinformacnu-scenu-ziadna-konspiracna-stranka-sa-mu-nevyrovna/?ref=mpm.
Struhárik F. (2020b, October 21), Blogy na webe denníka Pravda sú plné konšpirácií, redakcia problém nerieši [The Blogs on the Web of Pravda newspaper are full of conspiracies, the editorial office does not care], “Denník N”, https://dennikn.sk/2099424/blogy-na-webe-dennika-pravda-su-plne-konspiracii-redakcia-problem-neriesi/?ref=tema.
Školkay A. (2018), A Case-Specific Instance of Media Capture: the Gorilla Case of Slovakia, “Środkowoeuropejskie Studia Polityczne”, (4), pp. 65–94.
Školkay A., Žúborová V. (2019), Populist Political Movement Sme rodina–Boris Kollár (We Are a Family–Boris Kollár), “Środkowoeuropejskie studia polityczne”, (4), pp. 5–26.
Školkay A. (2018), Partial state capture by a single oligarchic group: The Gorilla Case in Slovakia, “Středoevropské politické studie”, 20(2), pp. 182–203.
Šnídl V. (2015, February 26), Proruskú propagandu o zhýralom Západe u nás šíri 42 webov [Pro-Russian Propaganda about Decandent West is Being Spread by 42 Websites], “Denní N”, https://dennikn.sk/57740/prorusku-propagandu-o-zhyralom-zapade-u-nas-siri-42-webov.
Šnídl V. (2018, August 9), Alternatívne médiá opäť stoja na strane Smeru, šíria verzie, ktoré vyhovujú Kaliňákovi s Ficom [Alternative media are again supporting Smer, they are disseminating opinions supporting Kaliňák and Fico], “Denník N”, https://dennikn.sk/1199368/alternativne-media-opat-stoja-na-strane-smeru-siria-verzie-ktore-vyhovuju-kalinakovi-s-ficom/.
Tóth G. (2021, January 5), Analýza interakcií politikov na Facebooku [Analysis of Interactions of Politicians on FB], etrend, https://www.trend.sk/nazory-a-komentare/kto-je-najuspesnejsim-slovenskym-politikom-facebooku.
Tvardzík J. (2018, September 28), Tesco z pultov stiahne po kritike časopis Zem a Vek [Tesco will stop selling magazine Zem a Vek], https://medialne.trend.sk/tlac/tesco-pultov-stiahne-kritike-casopis-zem-vek.
Viviani L. (2017), A political sociology of populism and leadership, https://arpi.unipi.it/retrieve/handle/11568/865877/232932/20860-43084-1-PB.pdf.
Z&V, Prečo si nás predplatiť? Zem&Vek je jediný nezávislý mesačník bez reklamy a s odborne garantovaným obsahom [Why to have a subscription: Zem&Vek is the only independent monthly withou adds and with professionally guaranteed content], Zem&Vek, May 5, 2020, https://zemavek.sk/preco-si-nas-predplatit-zemvek-je-jediny-nezavisly-mesacnik-bez-reklamy-a-s-odborne-garantovanym-obsahom/.
Žúborová V. (2011), Prejavy personalizácie líderstva: perspektívy slovenských straníckych lídrov vo vzťahu k medializácii, “Středoevropské politické studie”, 13(4), pp. 399–419.
Licencja
Teksty opublikowane na łamach czasopisma "Środkowoeuropejskie Studia Polityczne" i udostępniane w formacie PDF objęte są licencją CC BY 4.0 (Creative Commons - Uznanie autorstwa). Kopiowanie i rozpowszechnianie dozwolone jest pod warunkiem uznania autorstwa.