Słowa kluczowe
komunikacja kryzysowa
wojna rosyjsko-ukraińska
dezinformacja
cyfrowa mobilizacja obywatelska
Jak cytować
Abstrakt
Artykuł opisuje funkcje mediów społecznościowych w pierwszych tygodniach po pełnoskalowej rosyjskiej inwazji na Ukrainę. Na podstawie analizy dokumentów i monitoringu internetowego bada praktyki użytkowników, działania korporacji oraz obieg dezinformacji. Przeprowadzone analizy wskazują, że media społecznościowe pełniły kluczowe funkcje informacyjne, mobilizacyjne i pomocowe: umożliwiały organizację wsparcia dla uchodźców, zbiórki oraz wymianę wiarygodnych danych. Jednocześnie stały się przestrzenią propagandy, manipulacji i dezinformacji. Platformy społecznościowe współkształtowały komunikację wojenną, m.in. poprzez decyzje o promowaniu lub blokadach określonych treści, co czyni je aktorami geopolitycznymi. Wnioski wskazują, że uzupełniały one działania instytucji publicznych i NGO, tworząc zalążek „czwartego sektora” – obywatelskiej samoorganizacji on-line.
Finansowanie
Redakcja językowa niniejszego artykułu została sfinansowana przez Wydział Nauk Politycznych i Stosunków Międzynarodowych Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego.
Bibliografia
Alencar A. (2017), Refugee integration and social media: a local and experiential perspective, “Information, Communication & Society”, 21(11), 1588–1603. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2017.1340500
Altay S., Berriche M., Acerbi A. (2023), Misinformation on Misinformation: Conceptual and Methodological Challenges, “Social Media and Society”, 9(1). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/20563051221150412
Andén-Papadopoulos K. (2009), US Soldiers Imaging the Iraq War on YouTube, “Popular Communication”, 7(1), 17–27. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/15405700802584304
Bang Carlsen H., Gårdhus T., Toubøl J. (2023), Ukrainian refugee solidarity mobilization online. European Societies, Routledge, Epub ahead of print 2023. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31235/osf.io/g3ybw
Bradshaw S., Bailey H., Howard P. (2021), Industrialized Disinformation. 2020 Global Inventory of Organized Social Media Manipulation, https://demtech.oii.ox.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/sites/12/2021/01/CyberTroop-Report-2020-v.2.pdf, 29.03.2023.
Burke P. (2022), The issues in the collection, verification and actionability of citizen-derived and crowdsourced intelligence during the Russian invasion of Ukraine, Strategic Panorama, National Institute for Strategic Studies, 94–103. DOI: https://doi.org/10.53679/2616-9460.specialissue.2022.09
CBOS. (2022), Polacy wobec rosyjskiej inwazji na Ukrainę, https://www.cbos.pl/SPISKOM.POL/2022/K_038_22.PDF, 09.05.2023.
Centre for Information Resilience. (2023), Eyes on Russia: Documenting Russia’s war on Ukraine, https://tiny.pl/77x0vq_s, 31.07.2025.
Chayka K. (2022), Ukraine Becomes the World’s “First TikTok War”, “New Yorker”, March 3, https://tiny.pl/9j9ym5t3, 26.04.2023.
Chugh R. (2018), Disaster fundraising via social media: A case study of non-resident Nepalese community in Australia, “WSEAS Transactions on Environment and Development”, 14, 636–642.
Council of the European Union. (2022), EU imposes sanctions on state-owned outlets RT/Russia Today and Sputnik’s broadcasting in the EU, https://tiny.pl/nd52_pff, 31.07.2025.
De Salve A., Guidi B., Michienzi A. (2018), Studying micro-communities in Facebook communities, “ACM International Conference Proceeding Series”, 18, 165–170. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1145/3284869.3284904
European Commission. (2022), Press Statement of President Charles Michel, https://tiny.pl/dgw85bxg, 31.07.2025.
Firlit-Fesnak G., Jaroszewska E., Łotocki Ł. et al. (2022), Inwazja Rosji na Ukrainę. Społeczeństwo i polityka wobec kryzysu uchodźczego w pierwszym miesiącu wojny, https://tiny.pl/x7zpcr72, 05.07.2022.
Flyverbom M., Deibert R., Matten D. (2019), The Governance of Digital Technology, Big Data, and the Internet: New Roles and Responsibilities for Business, “Business & Society”, 58(1), 3–19. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0007650317727540
Gilardi F., Gessler T., Kubli M. et al. (2022). Social Media and Political Agenda Setting, Political Communication”, 39(1), 39–60. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10584609.2021.1910390
Gladwell M. (2010), Small change, “New Yorker”, September 27.
Gorwa R. (2019), What is platform governance? “Information, Communication & Society”, 22(6), 854–871. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2019.1573914
Hoffmann L., Jónsson Þ., Meckl M. (2022), Migration and community in an age of digital connectivity: A survey of media use and integration amongst migrants in Iceland, Nordicom Review”, 43(1), 19–37. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/nor-2022-0002
IBIMS. (2022a), Komunikat ws. prorosyjskich ataków informacyjnych 24.02.22, https://tiny.pl/5q441b2t, 31.07.2025.
IBIMS. (2022b), Wzmożona działania #dezinformacja w #socialmedia..., https://tiny.pl/x1q0y21y, 31.07.2025.
Indiana University Observatory on Social Media. (2022), Suspicious Twitter Activity around the Russian Invasion of Ukraine, https://ojs.aaai.org/index.php/ICWSM/article/view/18075, 12.10.2022.
Institute for Strategic Dialogue. (2022a), #Propaganda: Russia State-Controlled Media Flood TikTok With Ukraine Disinformation, https://tiny.pl/pxq8jm-g, 31.07.2025.
Institute for Strategic Dialogue. (2022b), Russia Today Digs Deep to Stay on YouTube, https://tiny.pl/c3cmc8_b, 31.07.2025.
Institute for Strategic Dialogue. (2022c), Support from the Conspiracy Corner: German-Language Disinformation about the Russian Invasion of Ukraine on Telegram, https://tiny.pl/xq9f4myj, 09.05.2023.
Janc K., Jurkowski W. (2020), Media społecznościowe w czasie pandemii – przykład profili wrocławskich rad osiedla na Facebooku, “Rozwój Regionalny i Polityka Regionalna”, (51), 9–24. DOI: https://doi.org/10.14746/rrpr.2020.51.03
Jayasekara P.K. (2019), Role of Facebook as a disaster communication media, “International Journal of Emergency Services”, 8(2), 191–204. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/IJES-04-2018-0024
Jezierska K. (2017), Defining in/defining out. Civil society through the lens of elite NGOs, [in:] K. Jacobsson, E. Korolczuk, Civil Society Revisited: Lessons from Poland, Berghahn Books, pp. 105–126. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvw04jx2.9
Kapoor K.K., Tamilmani K., Rana N.P. et al. (2017), Advances in Social Media Research: Past, Present and Future, Information Systems Frontiers”, 20(3), 531–558. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10796-017-9810-y
Kommersant. (2022), Metavyselennaya, https://tiny.pl/nydc3_mb, 31.07.2025.
Korolczuk E. (2017), Społeczeństwo obywatelskie w Polsce - kryzys czy nowe otwarcie? “Seria Analizy Instytutu Studiów Zaawansowanych”, A_ISZ/07/2017, 1–10.
Lance Bennett W., Segerberg A. (2012), The logic of connective actions. Digital media and the personalization of contentious politics. Information, Communication & Society, Epub ahead of print 2012. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139198752
Lewandowsky S., Stritzke W.G.K., Freund A.M. et al. (2013), Misinformation, disinformation, and violent conflict: From Iraq and the ‘war on terror’ to future threats to peace, “American Psychologist”, 68(7), 487–501. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/a0034515
Marino S. (2015), Making Space, Making Place: Digital Togetherness and the Redefinition of Migrant Identities Online. Social Media and Society 1(2). SAGE Publications Ltd. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/2056305115622479
Matania E., Sommer U. (2023), Tech titans, cyber commons and the war in Ukraine: An incipient shift in international relations. International Relations. SAGE Publications Sage UK: London, England, Epub ahead of print 2023. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/00471178231211500
Mauroner O., Heudorfer A. (2016), Social media in disaster management: How social media impact the work of volunteer groups and aid organisations in disaster preparation and response, “International Journal of Emergency Management”, 12(2), 196–217. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1504/IJEM.2016.076625
Meta. (2022), Meta’s Ongoing Efforts Regarding Russia’s Invasion of Ukraine, https://tiny.pl/vvb-nsqm, 31.07.2025.
Morozov E. (2009), The brave new world of slacktivism, “Foreign Policy”, May 10.
Müller W. (2022), Belarus: Protest und Widerstand gegen den Krieg in der Ukraine | Heinrich-Böll-Stiftung, https://www.boell.de/de/2022/05/16/belarus-protestund-widerstand-gegen-den-krieg-der-ukraine, 26.09.2022.
Nazaruk T. (2022), View of Subscribe and Follow. Telegram and Responsive Archiving the War in Ukraine, “Sociologica”, 16(2), 217–226.
Newsroom TikTok. (2022), Bringing more context to content on TikTok, https://tiny.pl/wch-3z1x, 31.07.2025.
Oeldorf-Hirsch A and Sundar SS. (2015), Posting, commenting, and tagging: Effects of sharing news stories on Facebook, “Computers in Human Behavior”, 44, 240–249. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2014.11.024
OPORA. (2022), Mediaspozhivannia Ukrayintsiv v umovakh povnomasshtabnoyi viini opituvannia opori, https://tiny.pl/vvc3y-s6, 25.04.2023.
Pang B., Lee L. (2008), Opinion mining and sentiment analysis, “Foundations and Trends in Information Retrieval”, 2(2): 1–135. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1561/1500000011
Pierri F., Luceri L., Jindal N. et al. (2022), Propaganda and Misinformation on Facebook and Twitter during the Russian Invasion of Ukraine. WebSci ’23: Proceedings of the 15th ACM Web Science Conference 2023, Epub ahead of print 1 December 2022. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1145/3578503.3583597
Plantin J.C., Lagoze C., Edwards P.N. et al. (2018), Infrastructure studies meet platform studies in the age of Google and Facebook, “New Media & Society”, 20(1), 293–310. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444816661553
Potucek M. (1999), Not Only the Market: The Role of the Market, Government, and the Civic Sector in the Development of Postcommunist Societies, Central European University Press, New York.
President Biden. (2022), The prayers of the world..., https://tiny.pl/q7n787dw, 31.07.2025.
Prier J. (2017), Social Media as Information Warfare, “Strategic Studies Quarterly”, 11(4), 50–85.
PSMM. (2022), Fala dobra dla Ukrainy, https://tiny.pl/dgw85bxg, 28.03.2022.
RCB. (2022), Rosyjskiej agresji zbrojnej..., https://tiny.pl/, 31.07.2025.
Reuters. (2022a), Facebook allows war posts urging violence against Russian invaders, https://tiny.pl/p2hvp91h, 31.07.2025.
Reuters. (2022b), Russia finds Meta guilty of ‘extremist activity’ but WhatsApp can stay, https://tiny.pl/5bg-7m43, 31.07.2025.
Rhodes S.C. (2022), Filter Bubbles, Echo Chambers, and Fake News: How Social Media Conditions Individuals to Be Less Critical of Political Misinformation, “Political Communication”, 39(1), 1–22. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10584609.2021.1910887
Rodríguez-Ibánez M., Casánez-Ventura A., Castejón-Mateos F. et al. (2023), A review on sentiment analysis from social media platforms, “Expert Systems with Applications”, 223, 119862. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2023.119862
Rodriguez-Toubes D., Dominguez-Lopez Y. (2017), Social media in crisis communication: Germanwings flight 4U9525, [in:] eds. F. Campos Freire, X. Rúas Araújo, V.A. Martínez Fernández, et al., Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing. Springer Verlag, pp. 243–249. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-46068-0_31
Roskomnadzor. (2022), Roskomnadzor demanded that Google stop spreading false advertising messages in Russia, https://tiny.pl/shr_n4v3 (accessed 31 July 2025).
Salamon L.M. (1987), Of Market Failure, Voluntary Failure, and Third-Party Government: Toward a Theory of Government-Nonprofit Relations in the Modern Welfare State, Journal of Voluntary Action Research”, 16, 29–49. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/089976408701600104
Salamon L.M., Anheier H.K. (1998), Social Origins of Civil Society: Explaining the Nonprofit Sector Cross-Nationally, “Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations”. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1022058200985
Şanlıer Yüksel İ. (2020), Empowering experiences of digitally mediated flows of information for connected migrants on the move, “Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies”, 1–18. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003533313-2
Singer P.W., Brooking E.T., Mifflin H. et al. (2018), LikeWar The Weaponization of Social Media.
Sontag S. (2003), Regarding the pain of others, “Diogène”, 201(1), 127. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3917/dio.201.0127
Sykora M., Elayan S., Jackson T.W. (2020), A qualitative analysis of sarcasm, irony and related #hashtags on Twitter, “Big Data and Society”, 7(2). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/2053951720972735
Talabi F.O., Boluwatife Aiyesimoju A., Lamidi I.K. et al. (2022), The use of social media storytelling for help-seeking and help-receiving among Nigerian refugees of the Ukraine-Russia war, “Telematics and Informatics”, 71, 101836. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tele.2022.101836
Wang Y., Lakkaraju H., Kosinski M. et al. (2016), Psycho-Demographic Analysis of the Facebook Rainbow Campaign, Epub ahead of print 17.10.2016.
Ye J., Jindal N., Pierri F. et al. (2023), Online Networks of Support in Distressed Environments: Solidarity and Mobilization during the Russian Invasion of Ukraine. Proceedings of the ICWSM Workshops 2023, Epub ahead of print 09.04.2023.
Zasiekin S., Kuperman V., Hlova I. et al. (2022), War stories in social media: Personal experience of Russia-Ukraine war, “East European Journal of Psycholinguistics”, 9(2), 160–170. DOI: https://doi.org/10.29038/eejpl.2022.9.2.zas
Zhang C., Fan C., Yao W, et al. (2019), Social media for intelligent public information and warning in disas.ers: An interdisciplinary review, “International Journal of Information Management”, 49, 190–207. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2019.04.004
Żołędowski C. (2025), Migranci wojenni z Ukrainy w Polsce – dynamika i uwarunkowania napływu, “Studia Politologiczne”, 75. DOI: https://doi.org/10.33896/SPolit.2025.75.11
Licencja
Prawa autorskie (c) 2026 Justyna Łukaszewska-Bezulska
Utwór dostępny jest na licencji Creative Commons Uznanie autorstwa – Na tych samych warunkach 4.0 Miedzynarodowe.