Abstract
The article analyses major legacies of anti-austerity movements since 2011: Indignados/as and Occupy Wall Street (known also as the movements of the precariat). Based on the author’s research developed in her book: The precariat and the process of precarisation of labour - new directions of global socio-economic changes (original title: Prekariat i proces prekaryzacji pracy – nowe kierunki zmian społeczno ekonomicznych w świecie), the article summarises the most significant outcomes of these movements’ activities and demands, in four primary dimensions: identity, social awareness, organisation and politics. The author also answers the question of whether, in the course of anti-austerity movements’ activities, a new social group – the precariat – gained political subjectivity.
References
Al-Hassan A., Papaioannou M., Skancke M., Chih Sung C. (2013), Sovereign Wealth Funds: Aspects of Governance Structures and Investment Management, “International Monetary Fund”.
Anderson K. (2011), The Protester, “Time”, 14.12.2011, http://content.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,2101745_2102132_2102373-5,00.html, 10.03.2016.
Bauman Z. (2011), O nie klasie prekariuszy, “Dziennik Opinii”, 14.07.2011, www.krytykapolityczna.pl, 10.07.2011.
BBC (2020), US election 2020: Meet the Democratic candidates vying to take on Trump, “BBC”, https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-47309795, 05.03.2020.
Béland D. (2020), Right-Wing Populism and the Politics of Insecurity: How President Trump Frames Migrants as Collective Threat, “Political Studies Review” 18/2.
Berardi F. (2009), Precarious Rapsody. Semiocapitalism and the pathologies of the post-alpha generation, London.
Sanders B. (2016), Meet Bernie, “Bernie 2016”, https://berniesanders.com/about, 15.05.2016.
Blow C. M. (2013), Occupy Wall Street Legacy, “The Washington Post”, 13.09.2013, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/14/opinion/blow-occupy-wall-street-legacy.html?_r=0, 17.03.2016.
Blyth M. (2015), Austerity, history of a dangerous idea, New York.
Bourdieu P. (1998), Acts of Resistance Against The Tyranny of the Market, New York.
Brophy E., de Peuter G. (2007), Immaterial Labour, Precarity, and Recomposition, in: Knowledge Workers in the information society, eds. C. McKercher, V. Mosco, Lexington Books.
Butler J. (2011), For and Against Precarity, “Occupy Theory”, December 2011, https://occupyduniya.files.wordpress.com, 12.07.2011.
Butler J. (2011b), If hope is an impossible demand, then we demand the impossible” – video, “Verso”, 24.10.2011, http://www.versobooks.com/blogs/765-if-hope-is-an-impossible-demand-then-we-demand-the-impossible-judith-butler-at-occupy-wall-street-video, 12.02.2016.
Castells M. (2013), Sieci oburzenia i nadziei. Ruchy społeczne w erze Internetu, Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN.
Chomsky N. (2013), Occupy: Reflections on Class War, Rebellion and Solidarity, Occupied Media Pamphlet Series.
Collins J. (2008), The Specter of Slavery. Workfare and Economical Citizenship of Poor Women, in: New Landscapes of Inequality: Neoliberalism and the Erosion of Democracy in America, eds. M. Di Leonardo, J. L. Collins, B. Williams, SAR Press, Santa Fe.
Czerny I. (2015), USA: Socjalista Sanders największą niespodzianką początku kampanii prezydenckiej, “Gazeta.pl”, 3.07.2015, http://wiadomosci.gazeta.pl/, 15.05.2016.
Earle E. (2012), A brief history of Occupy Wall Street, Rosa Luxemburg Stiftung.
El Pais (2011), Majority of Spaniards support 15-M movement, “El Pais”, 27.06.2011, http://elpais.com/elpais/2011/06/27/inenglish/1309152044_850210.html, 5.03.2016.
Etxezarreta M. (2011), Boom and (deep) crisis in the Spanish economy: the role of the EU in its evolution, “Communication for 17th Workshop on Alternative Economic Policy in Europe”, Vienna.
Flesher Fominaya C. (2014), “Spain is Different”: Podemos and 15-M, “Open Democracy”, 29.05.2014, https://www.opendemocracy.net/can-europe-make-it/cristina-flesher-fominaya/%E2%80%9Cspain-is-different%E2%80%9D-podemos-and-15m, 11.05.2016.
Garzón A. (2015), The Problem with Podemos, “The Jacobin”, 13.03.2015, https://www.jacobinmag.com/2015/03/podemos-pablo-iglesias-izquierda-unida, 14.05.2016.
Gorz A. (1982), Farewell To The Working Class, An Essay On Post-Industrial Socialism, London.
Gould-Wartofsky M. (2015), The Occupiers. The Making of the 99 Percent Movement, New York.
Graeber D. (2016), Can Debt Spark a Revolution?, “The Nation”, 24.09.2012, http://www.thenation.com/article/can-debt-spark-revolution/, 12.02.2016.
Greaber D. (2011), Occupy Wall Street’s anarchist roots, “Al Jazeera”, 30.11.2011, https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2011/11/30/occupy-wall-streets-anarchist-roots/, 12.05.2016.
Gregg J. (2009), Job Guarantee: Evidence and Design, “Bristol University”, September 2009, http://www.bristol.ac.uk/media-library/sites/cmpo/migrated/documents/jobguarantee.pdf, 12.04.2016.
Gutiérrez P. (2019), Spanish election 2019: full results, “The Guardian”, 10 November 2019, https://www.theguardian.com/world/ng-interactive/2019/nov/10/spanish-general-election-2019-live-results, 12.01.2020.
Hessel S. (2011), Time for Outrage: Indignez-vous!, London.
Holdo M. (2020), Power Games: Elites, Movements, and Strategic Cooperation, “Political Studies Review”, 18/2.
Hughes N. (2011), ‘Young People Took to the Streets and all of a Sudden all of the Political Parties Got Old’: The 15M Movement in Spain, “Social Movement Studies”, no. 10/4.
Lemon J. (2020), Bernie Sanders is a democratic socialist not a communist, here’s the difference, “Newsweek”, 2.03.2020, https://www.newsweek.com/bernie-sanders-democratic-socialist-not-communist-heres-difference-1485478, 5.03.2020.
Manifesto (2011), “Democracia Real Ya”, http://international.democraciarealya.es/manifesto, 3.03.2016.
Mason P. (2011), Why It’s Kicking Off Everywhere?, Verso Books.
McCann B. (2012), Cities, States Pass Resolutions Against Corporate Personhood, “CivSource”, 4.01.2012.
Minder R. (2020), Pedro Sánchez Will Lead Modern Spain’s First Coalition Government, 7.01.2020, https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/07/world/europe/spain-pedro-sanchez-government.html, 10.01.2020.
Müller J-W. (2016), What Is Populism?, University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia, PA.
Myerson J. A. (2016), Building a Movement: From Occupy Wall Street to Bernie Sanders, “Telesur”, 16.08.2016, https://www.telesurenglish.net/opinion/Building-a-Movement-From-Occupy-Wall-Street-to-Bernie-Sanders-20160416-0023.html.
Negri A., Hardt M. (2000), Empire, Harvard University Press.
Negri A., Hardt M. (2004), Multitude: War and Democracy in the Age of Empire, New York.
Negri A., Hardt M. (2009), Commonwealth, Harvard University Press.
Nowak P. (2015), Podemos – oddolna energia idzie po władzę, wywiad z Maciejem Szlinderem, “Strajk.pl”, 23.05.2015, http://strajk.eu/podemos-oddolna-energia-idzie-po-wladze, 12.05.2016.
People for Bernie (2016), http://www.peopleforbernie.com, 17.05.2016.
Piketty T. (2015), Kapitał XXI wieku, Warszawa.
Podemos (2016), Who we are?, “Podemos”, http://podemos.info/conoce/?lang=en, 11.05.2016.
Rebelya (2015), Prekariat – “wyklęty lud” XXI wieku. Rozmowa z Guyem Standingiem, “Rebelya.pl”, 9.03.2015, http://rebelya.pl/post/7889/prekariat-wyklety-lud-xxi-wieku-rozmowa-z-guyem, 10.05.2016.
Romanos E. (2013), Collective learning processes within social movements. Some insights into the Spanish 15-M/Indignados movement, in: Understanding European Movements: New Social Movements, Global Justice Struggles, Anti-Austerity Protest, eds. C. Flesher Fominaya, L. Cox, Routledge.
Roser M., Ortiz-Ospina E. (2016) Income Inequality, “Our World in Data”, University of Oxford, October 2016, https://ourworldindata.org/income-inequality, 12.01.2019.
Sampedroa V., Lobera J. (2014), The Spanish 15-M Movement: a consensual dissent?, “Journal of Spanish Cultural Studies”, no. 1–2/15.
Sanders B. (2011), Senator Bernie Sanders on Occupy Wall Street #whyoccupy, “YouTube”, 21 October 2011, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9HSaZOSWfrU, 17.05.2016.
Sanders B. (2020), Issues, “Bernie Sanders”, http://berniesanders.com, 21.01.2020.
Sanders Democrats (2016), http://sandersdemocrats.com, 15.05.2016.
Standing G. (2019), Plunder of the Commons, Penguin Books.
Standing G. (2011), The Precariat: The New Dangerous Class, Bloomsbury, London.
Standing G. (2014), A Precariat Charter: From Denizens to Citizens, Bloomsbury, London.
Standing G. (2014b), The precariat and the class struggle, “RCCS annual Review”, https://journals.openedition.org/rccsar/585, 14.07.2014.
Standing G. (2014c), The Future of Work: The Precariat’s Challenge, “Kulturaustausch online”, March 2013, http://cms.ifa.de/?id=10098, 21.03.2016.
Stasiński M. (2014), Hiszpania – zwrot w lewo, “Gazeta Wyborcza”, 28.05.2014, http://wyborcza.pl/1,76842,16046386, 11.05.2016.
Stengel R. (2011), A Year in the Making, “Time”, 14.12.2011, http://content.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,2101745_2102141,00.html, 14.03.2016.
Stobart L. (2014), Whatever happened to the Indignados? 2: Regime crisis, “Left Flank”, 24.03.2014, http://left-flank.org/2014/03/24/whatever-happened-indignados-2-regime-crisis-uprisings/#sthash.sQIloZj5.dpuf, 10.05.2016.
Sullivan K. (2019), Here are the 4 congresswomen known as ‘The Squad’ targeted by Trump’s racist tweets, “CNN”, 16.07.2019, https://edition.cnn.com/2019/07/15/politics/who-are-the-squad/index.html, 03.01.2020.
Sunkara B. (2016), Enter the Sanders Democrat, “Al Jazeera”, 8.02.2016, http://america.aljazeera.com/opinions/2016/2/enter-the-sanders-democrat.html, 15.05.2016.
Telek A. (2018), Political precariat, “Open Democracy”, 9.05.2018, https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/can-europe-make-it/political-precariat/, 14.03.2019.
The Economist (2011), Europe’s most earnest protesters, “The Economist”, 14.07.2011, http://www.economist.com/node/18959259; 5.03.2016.
The Economist (2013), June–July edition.
The Economist (2016), Bernie Sanders, the modern-day Mark Antony, “The Economist”, 20 April 2016, http://www.economist.com.
Time (2012), Person of the Year: 75th Anniversary Celebration, New York.
Tremlett G. (2015), The Podemos revolution: how a small group of radical academics changed European politics, “The Guardian”, 31.03.2015, http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/mar/31/podemos-revolution-radical-academics-changed-european-politics, 11.05.2016.
Vilaseca S. L. (2014), The 15-M movement: formed by and formative of counter-mapping and spatial activism, “Journal of Spanish Cultural Studies”, 15/1–2.
Ye Hee Lee M. (2015), Bernie Sanders’s claim that 99 percent of new income is going to top 1 percent of Americans, “The Washington Post”, 17.02.2015, https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/fact-checker/wp/2015/02/17/bernie-sanders-claim-that-99-percent-of-new-income-is-going-to-top-1-percent-of-americans, 17.05.2016.
License
Articles published in "Central European Political Studies" are distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0. License (CC BY 4.0). They may be copied, redistributed and shared only if appropriate credit is given.