Keywords
Black Sea
Baltic – Black Sea Area
geopolitical reality
multilateral cooperation
How to Cite
Abstract
As the social and political transformations observed in the modern world have recently made current the issue of formation of new geopolitical regions, the Baltic – Black Sea Area deserves particular attention because the geopolitical status of this junction territory still remains questionable. The geopolitical boundaries of the Baltic – Black Sea Area are constantly changing not only functionally, but also structurally, which is why it can be considered as a specific geopolitical formation located at the junction of the two geopolitical mega-regions of Western Europe and Northern Eurasia. This area is highly fragmented and still undergoing very painful political, cultural, and economic transformations. The power competition between Russia, NATO and the EU, as well as the region’s historical legacy have determined the path of its development. As a result, the Baltic – Black Sea Area does not have any system of political division or economic management, but close connections between the countries located there and many spheres of their common interest promote comprehensive cooperation and dialogue on a variety of issues. If their cooperation leads to multilateral relationships based on the principle of the sovereign equality of states which are trying to expand the scope of their collaboration and limit the scope of confrontation, they could organize a system of complementary elements which provide synergies and ensure the existence of the Baltic – Black Sea Area as a geopolitical reality.
References
Antola E. (2009), EU Baltic Sea Strategy report for the Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung, Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung Office, London.
Asmus R. D., Jackson B. P. (2004), The Black Sea and the frontiers of freedom, “Policy Review”, June & July, https://www.hoover.org/research/black-sea-and-frontiers-freedom, 11.05.2020.
Aydin M. (2005), Europe’s new region: The Black Sea in the wider Europe neighbourhood, “Southeast European and Black Sea Studies”, vol. 5, no. 2.
Breskii O. (2011), Intermarum. Prolegomeny k prostranstvennoi politike v regione, “Perekrestki: Zhurnal issledovanii vostochnoevropeiskogo Pogranichia: Proekt «Sotsialnye transformatsii v Pogranichie: Belarus, Ukraina, Moldova»”, no. 3–4 [in Russian].
Buzhanskyi A. (1966), Rika Prypiat ta yii doplyvy. Stari vodni shliakhy mizh dorichchiam Chornoho moria i Baltykom, Instytut doslidiv Volyni, Winnipeg [in Ukrainian].
Cohen S. B. (1999), Geopolitics in the new world era: A new perspective on an old discipline, in: Reordering the world – geopolitical perspectives on the 21st century, eds. G. J. Demko, W. B. Wood, Westview Press, Boulder, CO.
Czartoryski A. J. (2011), Rozważania o dyplomacji, Wydawnictwo Literackie, Kraków.
De Pedro N., Manoli P., Sukhankin S., Tsakiris T. (2017), Study: Facing Russia’s strategic challenge: Security developments from the Baltic to the Black Sea, 17.11.2017, European Parliament’s Committee on Foreign Affairs, Brussels.
Dodonov R. (2005), Chornomorski vektory u heopolitychnykh kontseptsiiakh Ukrainy i Rosii, “Politychnyi menedzhment”, vol. 4, no. 13 [in Ukrainian].
Economic Commission for Europe (1996), European Agreement on Main Inland Waterways of International Importance of 19 January 1996: ECE/TRANS/120/Rev.4, pp. 5–32, https://www.unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/trans/doc/2019/sc3/ECE-TRANS-120r4efr.pdf, 18.05.2020.
Flikke G. (ed.), Wigen E., Blakkisrud H., Kolstø P. (2011), The shifting geopolitics of the Black Sea region actors, drivers and challenges: NUPI report, Norwegian Institute of International Affairs, Oslo.
Friedman G. (2017), From the Intermarium to the Three Seas, 07.07.2017, “GPF: Geopolitical Futures”, https://geopoliticalfutures.com/intermarium-three-seas/, 14.04.2020.
Grzywacz A., Kwiecień M., Mazur G. (eds.) (2000), Zbiór dokumentów ppłk. Edmunda Charaszkiewicza, Fundacja Centrum Dokumentacji Czynu Niepodległościowego i Księgarnia Akademicka, Kraków.
Hacker H. (1996), Středoevropské plány jako pokusy o evropské mírové uspořádání, “Střední Evropa”, no. 56.
Ilin M. V. (2009), Geokhronopolitika Balto-Chernomoria, “Vestnik MGIMO-Universiteta: Seriia «Politologiia»”, no. 1 [in Russian].
International Centre for Black Sea-Baltic Studies and Consensus Practices. Centre for Political Dialogue (2016), Conceptual and organizational platform, Kyiv, https://centrebbs.org/en/platf/, 10.10.2020.
Kaganskii V. (1999), Voprosy o prostranstve marginalnosti, “Novoe literaturnoe obozrenie”, vol. 37, no. 3 [in Russian].
Kochubei Yu. (2004), Muzhnist dumky. Heopolitychni vizii Yuriia Lypy v konteksti suchasnosti. Zakinchennia, “Den”, no. 192, http://incognita.day.kyiv.ua/muzhnist-dumki1.html, 15.10.2020 [in Ukrainian].
Komisiia z pytan rozvytku vodnotransportnoho spoluchennia E-40 na diliantsi Dnipro – Visla (2013), Vid Chornoho do Baltiiskoho moria: perspektyvy vidnovlennia mahistralnoho vodnoho shliakhu E-40 na richkakh Polshchi, Bilorusi i Ukrainy, TM ARHO-HRAFIKS, Minsk [in Ukrainian].
Koroma N. (2013), Baltic – Black Sea geopolitical region: The national interests of Ukraine in this system of regional interactions, “Kyivskyi heohrafichnyi shchorichnyk: Naukovyi zbirnyk”, no. 8.
Koroma N. S. (2012), Polityko-heohrafichni peredumovy formuvannia Balto-Chornomorskoho rehionu: heostratehichni interesy Ukrainy, Ph.D. Dissertation Abstract, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Kyiv [in Ukrainian].
Kubiiovych V. (ed.) (2005), Heohrafiia ukrainskykh i sumizhnykh zemel: Faksymilne perevydannia, vol. 1: Zahalna heohrafiia, Oberehy, Kyiv [in Ukrainian].
Lessеr I. (2007), Global trends, regional consequences: Wider strategic influences on the Black Sea, “International Centre for Black Sea Studies (ICBSS) Xenophon Paper”, no. 4.
Lypa Yu. (2007), Chornomorska doktryna, in: Vseukrainska trylohiia, vol. 2, ed. V. Yaremenko, pp. 5–135, VAT, “Bilotserkivska knyzhkova fabryka”, Kyiv [in Ukrainian].
Lyubcheva M. (2010), The Black Sea region in EU policies, Friedrich Ebert Stiftung Office, Burgas.
Mackinder H. (1919), Democratic ideals and reality: A study in the politics of reconstruction, H. Holt, London.
Makarychev A. S. (2005), The Baltic-Black Sea connection: A region in the making or a political project?, “PONARS Policy Memo”, no. 390.
Maksak G. (2011), Rol Ukrainy v formirovanii energeticheskoi bezopasnosti Chernomorskogo regiona, “Perekrestki: Zhurnal issledovanii vostochnoevropeiskogo Pogranichia: Proekt «Sotsialnye transformatsii v Pogranichie: Belarus, Ukraina, Moldova»”, no. 3–4 [in Russian].
Maksimov S. (1907), O Chernomorsko-Baltiiskom vodnom puti, Tipografiia red. period. izd. M-va Finansov, Saint Petersburg [in Russian].
Marshaniia Z. S. (2011), Balto-Chornomorska systema mizhderzhavnoho spivrobitnytstva u zovnishniopolitychnii stratehii Hruzii, Ph.D. Dissertation Abstract, the National University ‘Odesa Law Academy’, Odesa [in Ukrainian].
Martyniuk V. (2015), Balto-Chornomorskyi soiuz: problemy siohodennia ta perspektyvy rozvytku, “INTERMARUM: istoriia, polityka, kultura”, no. 2 [in Ukrainian].
Mateleshko Yu. (2016), Mizh YES ta Rosiieiu: problemy ta perspektyvy formuvannia Balto-Chornomorskoho soiuzu, “Heopolityka Ukrainy: istoriia i suchasnist: Zbirnyk naukovykh prats”, vol. 1, no. 16 [in Ukrainian].
Miller C. (2017), Why the Black Sea?: Black Sea Strategy Papers. Eurasia Program, 23.01.2017, Foreign Policy Research Institute, https://www.fpri.org/article/2017/01/why-the-black-sea/, 11.11.2020.
Nadtoka O. (2003), Balto-Chornomorskyi soiuz: istorychna retrospektyva i politychna perspektyva, “Naukovi zapysky NaUKMA: Seriia «Humanitarni nauky»”, vol. 22, no. 1 [in Ukrainian].
Nałęcz D. (2019), The evolution and implementation of the Intermarium strategy in Poland: A historical perspective, in: The Intermarium as the Polish-Ukrainian linchpin of Baltic-Black Sea cooperation, ed. O. Kushnir, pp. 1–21, Cambridge Scholars Publishing, Cambridge.
New Strategy Center (2017), Vulnerabilities and opportunities in the Black Sea region. Romanian perspective; Turkish perspective: Marmara Group Strategic and Social Research Foundation policy paper, https://www.newstrategycenter.ro/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Policy-Paper-New-Strategy-Center-and-Marmara-Group-February-2017l.pdf, 18.09.2020.
Paulauskas K. (2006), The Baltics: From nation states to member states, “Institute for Security Studies: Occasional Paper”, no. 62.
Regulation No. 1315/2013 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 December 2013 on Union Guidelines for the Development of the Trans-European Transport Network and Repealing Decision No. 661/2010/EU (2013), 20.12.2013, “Official Journal of the European Union”, no. L 348/1, https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=celex%3A32013R1315, 18.07.2020.
Riley A. (2016), Nord Stream 2: A legal and policy analysis, “CEPS Special Report”, no. 151, November.
Rudnytska U. (2015a), Perspektyvy Baltiisko-Chornomorskoi rehionalnoi spivpratsi v umovakh ukraino-rosiiskoho konfliktu, “VISNYK NTUU «KPI». Politolohiia. Sotsiolohiia. Pravo”, vol. 1/2, no. 25/26 [in Ukrainian].
Rudnytska U. (2015b), The prospects for Baltic – Black Sea cooperation in the context of current Russian-Ukrainian relations, “Torun International Studies”, vol. 1, no. 8.
Sarnatskyi O. P., Myhlovets N. O. (2018), Baltiisko-chornomorske spivrobitnytstvo yak alternatyvnyi intehratsiinyi napriam dlia Ukrainy, “Derzhava ta rehiony: Seriia «Ekonomika ta pidpryiemnytstvo»”, vol. 4, no. 103 [in Ukrainian].
Scimia E. (2016), China, Russia and the EU’s Intermarium bloc. Old Silk Road, new era in Eurasian geopolitics, 14.03.2016, euobserver, https://euobserver.com/eu-china/132635, 28.07.2020.
Smok V. (2014), Poland, Belarus and Ukraine to revive the Baltic – Black Sea water route, 12.11.2014, BelarusDigest, https://belarusdigest.com/story/poland-belarus-and-ukraine-to-revive-the-baltic-black-sea-water-route/, 10.10.2020.
Tassinari F. (2006a), A synergy for Black Sea regional cooperation: Guidelines for an EU initiative, “CEPS Policy Brief”, no. 105/June.
Tassinari F. (2006b), Variable geometries mapping ideas, institutions and power in the wider Europe, “CEPS Working Document”, no. 254/November.
The Joint Statement on the Three Seas Initiative (The Dubrovnik Statement) of 25 August 2016 (2016), Dubrovnik, http://three-seas.eu/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/DUBROVNIK.pdf, 8.09.2020.
Ulunian A. (2011), Novoe ‘Międzymorze’ – ‘Intermarum’ kak geoprostranstvennyi retroproekt v kontseptsii ‘Evropy regionov’: suschestvuet li geoistoricheskaia paradigma «gibkikh regionov» v Vostochno-Tsentralnoi Evrope?, “Perekrestki: Zhurnal issledovanii vostochnoevropeiskogo Pogranichia: Proekt «Sotsialnye transformatsii v Pogranichie: Belarus, Ukraina, Moldova»”, no. 3–4 [in Russian].
Uznarodov D. I., Uznarodov I. M. (2018), Black Sea region in the strategy of the European Union in the XXI century, “Nauchnyi almanakh stran Prichernomoria”, vol. 16, no. 4.
Vainalavichus D. (2011), Perspektiva postmodernogo poriadka evropeiskoi bezopasnosti v Baltiiskom i Chernomorskom mezhdumorie i za ego predelami, “Perekrestki: Zhurnal issledovanii vostochnoevropeiskogo Pogranichia: Proekt «Sotsialnye transformatsii v Pogranichie: Belarus, Ukraina, Moldova»”, no. 3–4 [in Russian].
Varna Forum 2.0 (2017), Thinking together. The Black Sea region: Confrontation or cooperation?: Discussion facilitation paper, 13–14.05.2017, Varna, https://cpmr-balkan-blacksea.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/7/2017/03/VF2-2017-Disc.-Facil.-Paper-27.04.pdf, 8.09.2020.
Vasylevych Yu. V. (2012), Chornomorska kontseptsiia Yuriia Lypy u heopolitychnii dumtsi Ukrainy, “Naukovi pratsi: Naukovo-metodychnyi zhurnal”, vol. 178, no. 166 [in Ukrainian].
Vondra A. (2018), Regional integration at the Three Seas summit, 10.10.2018, “EMERGING EUROPE”, https://emerging-europe.com/voices/regional-integration-at-the-three-seas-summit/, 10.09.2020.
Yariomenko S. H. (2014), Balto-Chornomorskyi prostir yak heopolitychna stykova zona: teoretychni aspekty, “Heopolitika i ekogeodinamika regionov”, vol. 10, no. 2 [in Ukrainian].
Zamiatin D. (2002), Dinamika geopoliticheskikh obrazov sovremennoi Rossii, “Chelovek”, no. 6 [in Russian].
Zazhigaev B. (2009), Limitrofnaia territoriia globalnogo mira (Transformatsii gosudarstv Balto-Chernomorskogo regiona v XXI v.), Part I, “Tsentralnaia Aziia i Kavkaz”, vol. 4–5, no. 64–65 [in Russian].
License