Słowa kluczowe
zagrożenia
demokracja
percepcja
aktor polityczny
Polska
Jak cytować
Abstrakt
Środowisko informacji politycznej podlega wielu zmianom, które mogą mieć wpływ na demokrację. W szczególności zmiany te mogą prowadzić do zwiększenia liczby niepoinformowanych, posiadających jednostronny obraz rzeczywistości społecznej lub wprowadzonych w błąd obywateli. O ile każdemu z tych problemów poświęca się obecnie dużo uwagi, o tyle niewiele jest badań ukazujących, jak te wyzwania (ale także szanse) postrzegają aktorzy polityczni. Celem artykułu jest prezentacja wyników badania z wykorzystaniem metody indywidualnego wywiadu pogłębionego przeprowadzonego z udziałem polskich polityków. Wyniki badania ukazały podobieństwa w zakresie tego, co politycy z różnych partii postrzegają jako zagrożenia. Główne różnice ujawniły się w zakresie przypisywanych tym zagrożeniom przyczyn oraz sugerowanych rozwiązań.
Finansowanie
Polska
Badanie zostało przeprowadzone w ramach projektu
Bibliografia
Aalberg T., Van Aelst P., Curran J. (2010), Media systems and the political information environment: A cross-national comparison, “International Journal of Press/Politics”, vol. 5, pp. 255–271. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1940161210367422
Allcott H., Gentzkow M. (2017), Social Media and Fake News in the 2016 Election, “Journal of Economic Perspectives”, vol. 31, no. 2, pp. 211–36, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.31.2.211
Barberá P. (2015), How Social Media Reduces Mass Political Polarization. Evidence from Germany, Spain, and the U.S., http://pablobarbera.com/static/barbera-polarization-social-media.pdf.
Bin Naeem S., Kamel Boulos M. N. (2021), COVID-19 misinformation online and health literacy: A brief overview, “Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health,” vol. 18, 8091. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18158091
Boukes M., Vliegenthart R. (2017), News consumption and its unpleasant side effect: Studying the effect of hard and soft news exposure on mental well-being over time, “Journal of Media Psychology: Theories, Methods, and Applications”, vol. 29, no. 3, pp. 137–147, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1027/1864-1105/a000224
Ciampaglia G. L., Mantzarlis A., Maus G., Filippo Menczer F. (2018), Research Challenges of Digital Misinformation: Toward a Trustworthy Web. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1609/aimag.v39i1.2783
Crook B, Stephens K., Pastorek A., Mackert M., Donovan E. (2015), Sharing Health Information and Influencing Behavioral Intentions: The Role of Health Literacy, Information Overload, and the Internet in the Diffusion of Healthy Heart Information, “Health Communication”, vol. 31, pp. 1–12. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2014.936336
Edelman (2019), 2019 Edelman Trust Barometer: Global Report, https://www.edelman.com/sites/g/files/aatuss191/files/2019-02/2019_Edelman_Trust_Barometer_Global_Report.pdf
Esser F., de Vreese C. H., Strömbäck J., Van Aelst P., Aalberg T., Stanyer J., Reinemann C. (2012), Political information opportunities in Europe: A longitudinal study of thirteen television systems, “International Journal of Press/Politics”, vol. 17, pp. 247–274. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1940161212442956
Fiske S. T., Taylor S. E. (1991), Social Cognition, McGraw-Hill, New York.
Freelon D., Wells C. (2020), Disinformation as political communication, “Political Communication”, vol. 37, no. 2, pp. 145–156. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10584609.2020.1723755
Habermas J. (2006), Political Communication in Media Society: Does Democracy Still Enjoy an Epistemic Dimension? The Impact of Normative Theory on Empirical Research, “Theory of Communication”, vol. 16, no. 4, pp. 411–426. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2885.2006.00280.x
Hancock J. T., Bailenson J. N. (2021), The social impact of deepfakes, “Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking”, vol. 24, no. 3, pp. 149–152. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2021.29208.jth
Hopmann D. N., Wonneberger A., Shehata A., Höijer J. (2016), Selective Media Exposure and Increasing Knowledge Gaps in Swiss Referendum Campaigns, “International Journal of Public Opinion Research”, vol. 28, no. 1, pp. 73–95. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/ijpor/edv002
Karlsen R., Beyer A., Steen-Johnsen K. (2020), Do High-Choice Media Environments Facilitate News Avoidance? A Longitudinal Study 1997–2016, “Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media”, vol. 64, no. 5, pp. 794–814. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/08838151.2020.1835428
Lazer D., Baum M., Benkler Y., Berinsky A., Greenhill K., Menczer F., Metzger M., […], Zittrain J. (2018), The science of fake news, “Science”, vol. 359, pp. 1094–1096, 10.1126/science.aao2998. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aao2998
Lewandowsky S., Ecker U. K. H., Seifert C. M., Schwarz N., Cook J. (2012), Misinformation and Its Correction: Continued Influence and Successful Debiasing, “Psychological Science in the Public Interest”, vol. 13, no. 3, pp. 106–131. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1529100612451018
McKay S., Tenove C. (2021), Disinformation as a threat to deliberative democracy, “Political Research Quarterly”, vol. 74, no. 3, pp. 703–717. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1065912920938143
Müller J. (2013), Mechanisms of Trust: News Media in Democratic and Authoritarian Regimes, Campus Verlag, Frankfurt am Main.
Müller P., Schemer C., Wettstein M., Schulz A., Wirz D. S., Engesser S., Wirth W. (2017), The Polarizing Impact of News Coverage on Populist Attitudes in the Public: Evidence From a Panel Study in Four European Democracies, “Journal of Communication”, vol. 67, no. 6, pp. 968–992. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jcom.12337
Santoro L. R., Assaf E., Bond R. M., Cranmer S. J., Kaizar E. E., Sivakoff D. J. (2021), Exploring the direct and indirect effects of elite influence on public opinion, “PloS one”, vol. 16, no. 11, e0257335. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0257335
Scheufele D. A., Krause N. M. (2019), Science audiences, misinformation, and fake news, “Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences”, vol. 116, no. (16), 201805871. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1805871115
Scholte J. A., Verhaegen S., Tallberg J. (2021), Elite attitudes and the future of global governance, “International Affairs”, vol. 97, no. 3, pp. 861–886. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/ia/iiab034
Stier S., Kirkizh N., Froio C., Schroeder R. (2020), Populist Attitudes and Selective Exposure to Online News: A Cross-Country Analysis Combining Web Tracking and Surveys, “The International Journal of Press/Politics”, vol. 25, no. 3, pp. 426–446, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1940161220907018
Strömbäck J. (2005), In search of a standard: four models of democracy and their normative implications for journalism, “Journalism Studies”, vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 331–345. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14616700500131950
Sunstein C. (2017), #republic: Divided Democracy in the Age of Social Media, Princeton University Press, Princeton. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/9781400884711
Terren L., Borge R. (2021), Echo Chambers on Social Media: A Systematic Review of the Literature, “Review of Communication Research”, vol. 9, pp. 99–118. DOI: https://doi.org/10.12840/ISSN.2255-4165.028
Thorson K., Cotter K., Medeiros M., Pak Ch. (2019), Algorithmic inference, political interest, and exposure to news and politics on Facebook, “Information, Communication & Society”, vol. 24, pp. 1–18, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2019.1642934
Tsfati Y. (2017), Public and elite perceptions of news media in politics, In The Oxford handbook of political communication.
Tucker J. A., Guess A., Barbera P., Vaccari C., Siegel A., Sanovich S., Stukal D., Nyhan B. (2018), Social Media, Political Polarization, and Political Disinformation: A Review of the Scientific Literature, Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3144139 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3144139
Van Aelst P., Strömbäck J., Aalberg T., Esser F., de Vreese C., Matthes J., Hopmann D., Salgado S., Hubé N., Stępińska A. (2017), Political Communication in a High‑Choice Media Environment: A Challenge for Democracy?, “Annals of the International Communication Association”, vol. 41, no. 1, pp. 3–27. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/23808985.2017.1288551
Vraga E. K., Bode L. (2020), Defining misinformation and understanding its bounded nature: Using expertise and evidence for describing misinformation, “Political Communication”, vol. 37, no. 1, pp. 136–144. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10584609.2020.1716500
Wardle C. (2017), Fake news. It’s complicated, First Draft, https://medium.com/1st-draft/fake-news-its-complicated-d0f773766c79.
Zerba A. (2011), Young Adults’ Reasons behind Avoidances of Daily Print Newspapers and Their Ideas for Change, “Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly”, vol. 88, no. 3, pp. 597–614, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/107769901108800308
Licencja
Utwór dostępny jest na licencji Creative Commons Uznanie autorstwa 4.0 Międzynarodowe.
Teksty opublikowane na łamach czasopisma "Środkowoeuropejskie Studia Polityczne" i udostępniane w formacie PDF objęte są licencją CC BY 4.0 (Creative Commons - Uznanie autorstwa). Kopiowanie i rozpowszechnianie dozwolone jest pod warunkiem uznania autorstwa.