Keywords
refugees
immigrants
settlement
How to Cite
Abstract
The influx of immigrants into Bulgaria during the first two decades of 20th century was aresult of the two lost armed conflicts and border shifts between 1913 and 1918. These changesin turn resulted in disruption of the socio-political and economic situation within the country.The government was unable to efficiently overcome the consequences of high immigration,which aggravated the already present social and economic difficulties and threatened the internal stability of the state. On the other hand, in spite of the grave political and economiccrisis, certain measures were undertaken to counter the negative tendencies, with state supportfor the agricultural settlement. The partial success of the above was possible due to theagriculture reform introduced in 1924 and financial credits from abroad (1926, 1928). Theoutcome was sufficient for the Bulgarian government to deem the settlement action a success, an enhancement of the country's internal stability and appeasement of the general public. Nevertheless, a number of pressing issues remained, resulting mostly from a lack of systemic support to the immigrants and their families. The refugee integration process was hindered bythe lack of a secure economic foundation and the differences among the particular socialgroups.References
Sources
Българско Дружество Червенъ Кръстъ, Бѣжанският въпросъ въ Бългалия, София 1925.
„Държавен вестник”, nr 213, 1924.
Царство България. Главна Дирекция на Статиската, Преброяваниe на населението. 1934, Cофия 1935.
International Labour Office, Refugees and labour conditions in Bulgaria, „Studies and reports”, 1926, ser. B, nr 15.
League of Nations. Official journal”, 1921, t. 1.
League of Nations, Scheme for the settlement of Bulgarian refugees. General Description and principal documents, Lausanne 1926
National Archives, Foreign Office Archive, London
/11223, 371/12089, 371/12864, 371/14326.
Publications
Aarbakke Vemund, Πρόσφυγες και προσφυγικές οργανώσεις στη Βουλγαρία 1940–1990, w: Πρόσφυγες στα Βαλκάνια. Μνήμη και ενσωμάτωση, red. Β. Γούναρης, Ι. Μιχαηλίδης, Αθήνα 2004, s. 382–448.
Bouroff T., Le reforme agraire en Bulgarie (1921–1924), Paris 1925.
Димитров Георги, Илюзии и действителност. Спорове за права и имоти на българите от Егейска Македония и Западна Тракия 1919–1931 г., Благоевград, 1996.
Димитров Георги, Малцинствено-бежанският въпрос в българо-гръцките отношения (1919–1939), Благоевград 1982.
Димитров Георги, Настаняване и оземляване на българските бежанци: 1919–1939, Благоевград 1985.
Dragostinova Theodora, Competing priorities, ambiguous loyalties: challenges of socioeconomic adaptation and national inclusion of the interwar Bulgarian refugees, „Nationalities Papers”, t. 34, nr 5, 2006, s. 549–574.
Ethnic minorities in the Balkan states 1860–1971, red. Bejtullah Destani, London 2003, t. 3.
Хитилов K., Селскостопанското настаняване на бежанците 1927–1932 г., София 1932.
Kalionski Alexei, Kolev Valery, Οι πρόσφυγες στη Βουλγαρία την εποχή του Μεσοπολέμου: Προβλήματα ένταξης, w: Πρόσφυγες στα Βαλκάνια. Μνήμη και ενσωμάτωση, red. Β. Γούναρης, Ι. Μιχαηλίδης, Αθήνα 2004, s. 287–328.
Ladas Stephen P., The exchange of minorities. Bulgaria, Greece and Turkey, New York 1932.
Lampe John, Interwar Sofia versus the Nazi-style Garden City: the struggle over the Muesmann Plan, “Journal of Urban History”, t. 11, 1984, nr. 1, s. 39–62.
Mintchev Vesselin, External migration and external migration policies in Bulgaria, „South-East Europe Review for Labour and Social Affairs”, 1999, t. II, nr 3.
Национално-освободителното движение на македонските и тракийските българи 1878–1944, София 2003, t. IV.
Παξιμαδοπούλου-Σταυρινού Μιράντα, Η Δυτική Θράκη στην εξωτερική πολιτική της Βουλγαρίας. Το ζήτημα της βουλγαρικής οικονομικής διέξοδου στο Αιγαίο 1919–1923, Αθήνα 1997.
Sierpowski Stanisław, Liga Narodów w latach 1919–1926, Wrocław 2005
Сотирова Златка, Бежанците от Егейска Македония в Петричка околия след Първата световна война и устройването им (1925–1931 г.), „Международна политика”, nr 1/2, 2013, s. 233–247.
Стателова Елена, Грънчаров Стойчо, История на нова България 1878–1944, t. III, София 2006.
The Turks of Bulgaria: The history, culture and political fate of a minority, red. Karpat Kemal, Istanbul 1990.
Τούντα-Φεργάδη Αρετή, Ελλήνο-βουλγαρικές μειονότητες. Πρωτοκόλλ Πολίτη-Κάλφωφ 1924–1925, Θεσσαλονίκη 1986.
Velkova Sania, Πρόσφυγες και προσφυγικές μνήμες στη βουλγαρική εθνική ιδεολογία και λογοτεχνία (1878–1944), w: Πρόσφυγες στα Βαλκάνια, s. 329–382.
Vukov Nikolai, The refugee question in Bulgaria before during and after the First World War, w: Europe on the move: The Great War and its refugees, red. Gatrell Peter, Zhvanko Liubov, s. 260–283.
License
- The Author hereby warrants that he/she is the owner of all the copyright and other intellectual property rights in the Work and that, within the scope of the present Agreement, the paper does not infringe the legal rights of another person.The owner of the copyright work also warrants that he/she is the sole and original creator thereof and that is not bound by any legal constraints in regard to the use or sale of the work.
- The Author grants the Purchaser non-exclusive and free of charge license to unlimited use worldwide over an unspecified period of time in the following areas of exploitation:
2.1. production of multiple copies of the Work produced according to the specific application of a given technology, including printing, reproduction of graphics through mechanical or electrical means (reprography) and digital technology;
2.2. marketing authorisation, loan or lease of the original or copies thereof;
2.3. public performance, public performance in the broadcast, video screening, media enhancements as well as broadcasting and rebroadcasting, made available to the public in such a way that members of the public may access the Work from a place and at a time individually chosen by them;
2.4. inclusion of the Work into a collective work (i.e. with a number of contributions);
2.5. inclusion of the Work in the electronic version to be offered on an electronic platform, or any other conceivable introduction of the Work in its electronic version to the Internet;
2.6. dissemination of electronic versions of the Work in its electronic version online, in a collective work or independently;
2.7. making the Work in the electronic version available to the public in such a way that members of the public may access the Work from a place and at a time individually chosen by them, in particular by making it accessible via the Internet, Intranet, Extranet;
2.8. making the Work available according to appropriate license pattern Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-ND 4.0) as well as another language version of this license or any later version published by Creative Commons. - The Author grants the Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan permission to:
3.1. reproduce a single copy (print or download) and royalty-free use and disposal of rights to compilations of the Work and these compilations.
3.2. send metadata files related to the Work, including to commercial and non-commercial journal-indexing databases. - The Author declares that, on the basis of the license granted in the present Agreement, the Purchaser is entitled and obliged to allow third parties to obtain further licenses (sublicenses) to the Work and to other materials, including derivatives thereof or compilations made based on or including the Work, whereas the provisions of such sub-licenses will be the same as with the attributed license pattern Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-ND 4.0) or another language version of this license, or any later version of this license published by Creative Commons. Thereby, the Author entitles all interested parties to use the work, for non-commercial purposes only, under the following conditions:
4.1. acknowledgment of authorship, i.e. observing the obligation to provide, along with the distributed work, information about the author, title, source (link to the original Work, DOI) and of the license itself.
4.2. the derivatives of the Work are subject to the same conditions, i.e. they may be published only based on a licence which would be identical to the one granting access to the original Work. - The University of Adam Mickiewicz in Poznań is obliged to
5.1. make the Work available to the public in such a way that members of the public may access the Work from a place and at a time individually chosen by them, without any technological constraints;
5.2. appropriately inform members of the public to whom the Work is to be made available about sublicenses in such a way as to ensure that all parties are properly informed (appropriate informing messages).
Other provisions
- The University of Adam Mickiewicz in Poznań hereby preserves the copyright to the journal as a whole (layout/stylesheet, graphics, cover design, logo etc.)