Keywords
Middle Ages
social communication
orality and literacy
group identity
transhumant pastoralism
Southeastern Europe
How to Cite
Abstract
This paper explores the social structures of late medieval Vlachs – particularly the ones inhabiting the Western Balkans (the Dinaric Alps) – in order to determine how collective identities were shaped and reproduced in medieval oral cultures. Southeast European historiographies have often portrayed the Balkan Vlachs as a unitary group and the label „Vlach” as representing a single, homogenous social entity during most of the Middle Ages. Still, social groups cannot exist and function without regular communication – oral or written – between their members. Oral cultures are based on verbal communication and are therefore bound by its specific nature, given that it requires continuous personal contact and oral transfer of information for communication and society to function properly. Literate cultures on the other hand tend to rely on written communication to a considerable extent and given that it allows for information to be conveyed impersonally (by text) its range is (at least in theory) almost limitless – as it is the level of (il)literacy that represents the main communicative and social limit in literate societies. Having in mind the abovementioned communicative and social limits of orality and the fact that it was the predominant if not exclusive form of communication among transhumant pastoralists such as the medieval Balkan Vlachs this paper argues that the range/scope of their group identities and collective identifications was rather limited. Furthermore, this paper discusses the types of collective identities utilized by Vlachs, questioning whether they ever shared a common „Vlach identity” given the fact that the social identity of the medieval people known as „the Vlachs” was primarily shaped and defined from the „outside” and „above” – by state intervention and a legal frame that was forced upon them. The Vlachs in the Medieval Balkans, and particularly in its western part, generally did not possess political authority and power, nor did they have the material resources and literary traditions allowing them to form more complex and enduring communication networks that would in turn have resulted in group identity formation on a larger scale. During the Early Middle Ages the Vlachs were „Vlachs” primarily because they were labelled as such and considered to be a distinct category of population by their Slavic (and later Byzantine) neighbours and overlords, and not necessarily because they originally defined themselves as such. This is not to say that gradually, during the course of the Middle Ages, the bearers of the „Vlach” name could not have started to identify themselves as „Vlachs” by accepting this foreign name (xenonym) as their preferred group name (autonym). Still, when this finally did happen it did not imply a „universal” Vlach identity in the medieval Balkans. Given the communicative limits of oral cultures as well as the Vlachs’ position as legal and political „objects” rather than „subjects” it seems most likely that the medieval Balkans witnessed a simultaneous existence of a multitude of „Vlachnesses” which were usually unrelated and unaware of each other.
References
Sources:
Aličić Ahmed S. (ed.), Poimenični popis Sandžaka Vilajeta Hercegovina. Sarajevo: Orijentalni institut, 1985.
Ančić Mladen, Registar Splitskog kaptola, “Fontes – Izvori za Hrvatsku Povijest” 2014, vol. 20, no. 1, p. 28–230.
Bojanić Dušanka, Turski Zakoni i Zakonski Propisi iz XV i XVI veka za Smederevsku, Kruševačku i Vidinsku Oblast, Beograd: Istorijski institut, 1974.
Čremošnik Gregor (ed.), Kancelariski i notarski spisi, 1278–1301, Beograd: Srpska Kraljevska Akademija, 1932.
De Barbazanis, Miha Madijev. De Gestis Romanorum Imperatorum et Summorum Pontificum, in: Legende i Kronike, ed. Nikola Disopra et al., Split: Književni krug, 1977.
Dölger, Franz (ed.), Regesten der Kaiserurkunden des oströmischen Reiches, 1. teil: Regesten von 565–1025, München-Berlin: C. H. Beck, 1924.
Grivec Franciscus, Tomšić Franciscus, Constantinus et Methodius Thessalonicenses, Fontes, “Studies of the Old Church Slavonic Institute” 1960, vol. 4, no. 4, p. 13–276.
Grković Milica, Prva Hrisovulja Manastira Dečani, Beograd: Mnemosyne, 2004.
Ivić Pavle, Grković Milica, Dečanske Hrisovulje, Novi Sad: Institut za lingvistiku, 1976.
Komnēnḗ Ánna. Alexias. [Κομνηνή, Άννα. Αλεξιάς.], http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Anna%20Komnena_PG%20131/Alexias.pdf [access: 03.07.2016].
Kostrenčić Marko, Vinodolski zakon, “Rad JAZU” 1923, vol. 227, p. 110–230.
Kovijanić Risto, Pomeni crnogorskih plemena u kotorskim spomenicima (XIV–XVI vijek), vol. 1–2. Titograd: Istorijski Institut, 1963–1974.
Lonza Nella, Janeković-Römer Zdenka, Dubrovački “Liber de meleficiis” iz 1312–1313. godine’, “Radovi Zavoda za Hrvatsku Povijest” 1992, vol. 25, no. 1, p. 173–
Lopašić Radoslav. Cetinski i Lički Vlasi, in: Vlasi u Starijoj Hrvatskoj Historiografiji, ed. Ivan Mužić, Split: MHAS, 2010, p. 19–42.
Ljubić Šime (ed.), Listine o Odnošajih Izmedju Južnoga Slavenstva i Mletačke Republike, Knjiga X., od godine 1453 do 1469, Zagreb: JAZU, 1891.
Moravcsik G., Jenkins R. J. H. (eds.), Constantine Porphyrogenitus: De Administrando Imperio, Washington: Dumbarton Oaks, 1967.
Mošin Vladimir, Ćirković Sima, Sindik, Dušanz (eds.), Zbornik srednjovekovnih ćirilskih povelja i pisama Srbije, Bosne i Dubrovnika, vol. 1 (1186–1321), Beograd: Istorijski institut, 2011.
Ostrogorski Georgije, Barišić Franjo (eds.), Fontes Byzantini historiam populorum Jugoslaviae spectantes, vol. 3, Beograd: SANU, 1966, p. 51–217.
Publications:
Ančić Mladen. Gospodarski aspekti stočarstva cetinskog komitata u XIV. st., “Acta Historico-Oeconomica Iugoslaviae” 1987, vol. 14, no. 1, p. 69–98.
Ančić Mladen. Srednjovjekovni Vlasi kontinentalne Dalmacije, in: Dalmatinska Zagora – Nepoznata Zemlja, ed. Vesna Kusin, Zagreb: Galerija Klovićevi Dvori, 2007, p. 161–167.
Antonijević Dragoslav, Obredi i običaju balkanskih stočara, Beograd: SANU, 1982.
Antonović Miloš. Vlasi u grčkim oblastima Dušanovog Carstva, “Braničevski glasnik” 2010, vol. 7, p. 23–35.
Assmann Jan, Das kulturelle Gedächtnis, Munchen: C. H. Beck, 2007.
Bešlagić Šefik, Stećci – kultura i umjetnost, Sarajevo: Veselin Masleša, 1982.
Bešlagić Šefik, Leksikon Stećaka, Sarajevo: Svjetlost, 2004.
Biliarsky Ivan, Word and Power in Mediaeval Bulgaria, Leiden: Brill, 2011.
Blagojević Miloš. Zakon Svetoga Simeona i Svetoga Save, in: Sava Nemanjić – Sveti Sava: istorija i predanje, ed. Vojislav Đurić, Beograd: SANU, 1979, p. 129–166.
Blagojević Miloš, Državna Uprava u Srpskim Srednjovekovnim Zemljama, Beograd: Službeni list, 2001.
Blagojević Miloš, Vlaški knezovi, premićuri i čelnici u državi Nemanjića i Kotromanića (XIII–XIV vek), in: Spomenica Milana Vasića, ed. Rade Mihaljčić, Banja Luka: ANURS, 2005, p. 43–75.
Bojanić Dušanka, Diskusija, “Radovi ANUBiH” 1983, vol. 73, p. 156–158, 164–167.
Bojović Jovan R. (ed.), Stanovništvo slovenskog porekla u Albaniji – Zbornik Radova, Titograd: Istorijski Institut, 1991.
Botica Ivan, Prilog istraživanju najstarijeg spomena vlaškog imena u hrvatskoj historiografiji, “Radovi – Zavod za hrvatsku povijest” 2005, vol. 37, p. 35–46.
Božić Ivan, Doba Balšića, Zeta u despotovini, vladavina Crnojevića, in: Istorija Crne Gore, ed. Milinko Đurović, CG, vol. 2, Titograd: Redakcija za istoriju, 1970, p. 49–370.
Božić Ivan, Nemirno Pomorje XV veka, Beograd: SKZ, 1979.
Božić Ivan, Uloga i Organizacija ratničkih družina u Zeti XV veka, “Radovi ANUBiH” 1983, vol. 73, p. 93–105.
Braudel Fernand, The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean world in the age of Philip II, vol. 1, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1995.
Brubaker Rogers, Ethnicity Without Groups, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2004.
Buell Paul D., Historical Dictionary of the Mongol World Empire, Lanham: The Scarecrow Press, 2003.
Burke Peter J., Stets Jan E., Identity Theory, New York: Oxford University Press, 2009.
Buzov Snježana, Vlaško pitanje i osmanlijski izvori, “Povijesni Prilozi” 1992, vol. 11, p. 41–60.
Chang Claudia, Tourtellotte Perry, Ethnoarchaeological Survey of Pastoral Transhumance Sites in the Grevena Region, Greece, “Journal of Field Archaeology” 1993, vol. 20, no. 3, p. 249–264.
Clanchy Michael, From Memory to Written Record, Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell, 2013.
Cribb Roger, Nomads in Archaeology, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991.
Curta Florin, The Making of the Slavs, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001.
Cvetković Miloš, O statusu Vlaha Helade u tematskom sistemu, “Zbornik radova Vizantološkog instituta” 2018, vol. 55, p. 45–64. [Цветковић Милош, О статусу Влаха Хеладе у тематском систему, “Зборник радова Византолошког института” 2018, vol. 55, p. 45–64].
Cvijić Jovan, Balkansko Poluostrvo i Južnoslovenske Zemlje: Osnove Antropogeografije, Knjiga Prva, Beograd: Državna Štamparija, 1922.
Cvijić Jovan, Antropogeografski Spisi, Beograd: SANU, 1987.
Czamańska Ilona, The Vlachs – several research problems, “Balcanica Posnaniensia. Acta et studia” 2015, vol. 22, no. 1, p. 7–16.
Czamańska Ilona, Vlachs and Slavs in the Middle Ages and Modern Era, “Res Historica – Czasopismo Instytutu Historii Uniwersytetu Marii Curie Skłodowskiej” 2016, vol. 41, p. 11–24.
Ćirković Sima, Istorija Srednjovekovne Bosanske Države, Beograd: SKZ, 1964.
Ćirković Sima (ed.), Rabotnici, Vojnici, Duhovnici – Društva srednjovekovnog Balkana. Beograd: Equilibrium, 1997.
Ćirković Sima, et al., Staro srpsko rudarstvo, Beograd: Vukova zadužbina, 2002.
Ćirković Sima, Unutrašnja politika kralja Milutina, in: Istorija Srpskog Naroda – Prva Knjiga, ed. Sima Ćirković, Beograd: SKZ, 1981, p. 462–475.
Dabinović Antun, Statutarne odredbe za kotorski karavanski saobraćaj, “Godišnjak Pomorskog Muzeja u Kotoru” 1958, vol. 7, p. 263–266.
Dinić Mihailo, Za istoriju rudarstva u srednjevekovnoj Srbiji i Bosni, vol. 1–2, Beograd: SANU, 1955–1962.
Dinić Mihailo (ed.), Srpske Zemlje u Srednjem Veku, Beograd: SKZ, 1978.
Đurđev Branislav, Postanak i razvitak brdskih, crnogorskih i hercegovačkih plemena, Titograd: CANU, 1984.
Filipović Milenko S. (ed.), Simpozijum o srednjovjekovnom katunu, Sarajevo: Naučno Društvo BiH, 1963.
Filipović Milenko S., Struktura i organizacija srednjovjekovnog katuna, in: Simpozijum o srednjovjekovnom katunu, ed. Milenko S. Filipović, Sarajevo: Naučno Društvo BiH, 1963, p. 45–112.
Filipović Nedim. Simpozijum Vlasi u XV i XVI vijeku, “Radovi ANUBiH” 1983, vol. 78, p. 73–177.
Findlay Ronald, Lundahl Mats, The Economics of the Frontier: Conquest and Settlement, London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2017.
Foretić Vinko, Povijest Dubrovnika do 1808. – Prvi dio, Zagreb: MH, 1980.
Harding Alan, Medieval Law and the Foundations of the State, New York: Oxford University Press, 2001.
Havelock Eric, The Literate Revolution in Greece and its Cultural Consequences, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1982.
Heneberg-Gušić Marijana, Etnografski prikaz Pive i Drobnjaka, ”Narodna starina” 1930, vol. 9, no. 22, p. 191–205.
Hole Frank, Pastoral Mobility as an Adaptation, in: Nomads, Tribes, and the State in the Ancient Near East, ed. Jeffrey Szuchman, Chicago: The Oriental Institute, 2009, p. 261–283.
Horden Peregrine, Purcell Nicholas, The Corrupting Sea: A Study of Mediterranean History. Oxford: Blackwell, 2000.
Hrabak Bogumil, O hercegovačkim vlaškim katunima prema poslovnoj knjizi Dživana Pripčinovića, “Glasnik Zemaljskog Muzeja, nova serija” 1956, vol. 11, p. 29–39.
Hrabak Bogumil, Razgranavanje katuna i stvaranje grupe katuna odnosno plemena u nekadašnjoj Hercegovini (XIII–XV vek), in: Predmet i metod izučavanja patrijarhalnih zajednica u Jugoslaviji, ed. Đoko Pejović, Titograd: CANU, 1981, p. 181–201.
Hrabak Bogumil, Diskusija, “Radovi ANUBiH” 1983, vol. 73, p. 149–150, 158–160.
Hrabak Bogumil, Vlasi starinci i doseljenici u porečju Zapadne Morave, do 1570. godine, “Zbornik radova Narodnog muzeja (Čačak)” 1990, vol. 8–9, p. 5–45.
Hrabak Bogumil, Transhumanca u Hercegovini (XIV–XVIII vek), in: Iz Starije Prošlosti Bosne i Hercegovine, Knj. II, ed. Bogumil Hrabak, Beograd: Arhivar, 2003, p. 39–43.
Hrabak Bogumil. Čelnici Stočarskih Zajednica u Istočnoj Hercegovini u XIII–XV Veku, in: Iz Starije Prošlosti Bosne i Hercegovine, Knj. II, ed. Bogumil Hrabak. Beograd: Arhivar, 2003, p. 44–76.
Hrabak Bogumil, Drobnjaci, in: Iz Starije Prošlosti Bosne i Hercegovine, Knj. II, ed. Bogumil Hrabak, Beograd: Arhivar, 2003, p. 97–129.
Hrabak Bogumil, Banjani, in: Iz Starije Prošlosti Bosne i Hercegovine, Knj. II, ed. Bogumil Hrabak, Beograd: Arhivar, 2003, p. 130–143.
Hrabak Bogumil, Naseljavanje hercegovačkih i bosanskih Vlaha u Dalmatinsku Zagoru u XIV, XV i XVI veku, in: Vlasi u Starijoj Hrvatskoj Historiografiji, ed. Ivan Mužić, Split: MHAS, 2010, p. 197–213.
Hudson John, Rodríguez Ana (eds.), Diverging Paths? The Shapes of Power and Institutions in Medieval Christendom and Islam, Leiden: Brill, 2014.
Innis Harold, Empire and Communications, Victoria/Toronto: Press Porcépic, 1986.
Isailović Neven, Legislation Concerning the Vlachs of the Balkans Before and After Ottoman Conquest: An Overview, in: State and Society in the Balkans Before and After Establishment of Ottoman Rule, ed. Srđan Rudić, Selim Aslantaş, Belgrade: The Institute of History – Yunus Emre Enstitüsü, 2017, p. 25–42.
Ivanović Radomir, Katunska naselja na manastirskim vlastelinstvima, “Istoriski Časopis – Organ Istoriskog Instituta” 1954–1955, vol. 5, p. 399–411.
Jenkins Richard, Rethinking Ethnicity, London: Sage, 2008.
Jireček Konstantin, Važnost Dubrovnika u trgovačkoj povijesti Srednjega vijeka, Dubrovnik: Dubrovačka hrvatska tiskara, 1915.
Jireček Konstantin, Vlasi i Mavrovlasi u dubrovačkim spomenicima, in: Zbornik Konstantina Jirečeka I, ed. Mihailo Dinić, Beograd: SAN, 1959, p. 193–204.
Jireček Konstantin, Trgovački putevi i rudnici Srbije i Bosne u Srednjem vijeku, in: Zbornik Konstantina Jirečeka I, ed. Mihailo Dinić, Beograd: SAN, 1959, p. 205–304.
Jireček Konstantin, Istorija Srba, vol. 1, Beograd: Neven, 2006.
Jireček Konstantin, Istorija Srba, vol. 2, Beograd: Neven, 2006.
Kagay Donald J., Vann Theresa M. (eds.), On the Social Origins of Medieval Institutions: Essays in Honor of Joseph F. O’Callaghan, Leiden: Brill, 1998.
Karel Kadlec, Valaši a valašské právo v zemích slovanských a uherských, Prag: Naklada Češke Akademije, 1916.
Klaić Nada, Položaj Vlaha u XIV i XV stoljeću u hrvatskim zemljama, ”Radovi ANUBiH” 1983, vol. 73, p. 107–111.
Klaić Nada, Diskusija, “Radovi ANUBiH” 1983, vol. 73, p. 152–154, 169–173.
Kovačević Desanka, Srednjovjekovni katun po dubrovačkim izvorima, in: Simpozijum o srednjovjekovnom katunu, ed. Milenko S. Filipović, Sarajevo: Naučno Društvo BiH, 1963, p. 121–140.
Kovačević Desanka, Trgovina u Srednjovjekovnoj Bosni, Sarajevo: Naučno društvo BiH, 1961.
Kovačević-Kojić Desanka, Privredni razvoj srednjovjekovne bosanske države, in: Prilozi za Istoriju Bosne i Hercegovine I – Društvo i Privreda Srednjovjekovne Bosanske Države, ed. Enver Redžić, Sarajevo: ANUBiH, 1987, p. 84–190.
Kovačević-Kojić Desanka (ed.), Gradski Život u Srbiji i Bosni (XIV–XV vijek), Beograd: Istorijski institut, 2007.
Krekić Bariša, Dubrovnik, Italy, and the Balkans in the Late Middle Ages, London: Variorum Reprints, 1980.
Kulišić Špiro, O etnogenezi Crnogoraca, Titograd: Pobjeda, 1980.
Kurtović Esad, Iz historije vlaha Pliščića, “Godišnjak ANUBiH” 2008, vol. 37, p. 219–244.
Kurtović Esad, Seniori Hercegovačkih Vlaha, in: Hum i Hercegovina Kroz Povijest – Zbornik Radova, Knj. I., ed. Ivica Lučić, Zagreb: HIP, 2011, p. 647–695.
Kurtović Esad, Konj u srednjovjekovnoj Bosni, Sarajevo: Univerzitet u Sarajevu, 2014.
Lefort Jacques, The Rural economy, seventh–twelfth centuries, in: The Economic history of Byzantium: from the seventh through the fifteenth century, vol. I., ed. Angeliki E. Laiou, Washington, D. C.: Dumbarton Oaks, 2002, p. 231–310.
Lewis Ioan Myrddin, Literacy in a Nomadic Society: the Somali Case, in: Literacy in Traditional Societies, ed. Jack Goody, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1975, p. 265–276.
Lovrenović Dubravko, Stećci – Bosansko i Humsko Mramorje Srednjeg Vijeka, Sarajevo: Rabic, 2009.
Luhmann Niklas, Die Gesellschaft der Gesellschaft, Frankfurt: Suhrkamp, 1997.
Luković Miloš, Katun a katunská organizace středověkých Vlachů v centrálních a západních oblastech Balkánu, “Slovanský přehled – Review for the History of Central, Eastern and Southeastern Europe” 2013, vol. 99, no. 5, p. 387–416.
Luković Miloš, Zakon vlahom (Ius Valachicum) in the charters issued to Serbian medieval monasteries and Kanuns regarding Vlachs in the early Ottoman tax registers (defters), ”Balcanica Posnaniensia. Acta et studia” 2015, vol. 22, no. 1, p. 29–46.
Luković Miloš, Sezonowe migracje pasterzy na Bałkanach: charakter, historia, transformacje, “Res Historica – Czasopismo Instytutu Historii Uniwersytetu Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej” 2015, vol. 40, p. 61–95.
Luković Miloš, Self-Government Institutions of Nomadic and Semi-Nomadic Livestock Breeders in the Balkans and in the Carpathian Regions in the Late Medieval and Early Modern Periods, “Res Historica – Czasopismo Instytutu Historii Uniwersytetu Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej” 2016, vol. 41, p. 51–65.
Malcolm Noel, Bosnia: A Short History, London: Pan Books, 2002.
Malcolm Noel, Kosovo: A Short History, London: Pan Books, 2002.
Marković Mirko, Stočarska kretanja na dinarskim planinama, Zagreb: Jesenski i Turk, 2003.
May Timothy, The Mongol Art of War, Barnsley: Pen & Sword, 2007.
Milošević Ante, Stećci i Vlasi: Stećci i vlaške migracije 14. i 15. stoljeća u Dalmaciji i jugozapadnoj Bosni, Split: RZZSK, 1991.
Miljković Ema, Opširni defter Smederevskog sandžaka iz 1476. Godine, “Istorijski Časopis” 1991, vol. 38, p. 31–42.
Mirdita Zef, Vlasi – starobalkanski narod, Zagreb: HIP, 2009.
Mišić Siniša, Humska Zemlja u Srednjem Veku, Beograd: DBR International Publishing, 1996.
Mostert Marco, New Approaches to Medieval Communication?, in: New Aproaches to Medieval Communication, ed. Marco Mostert, Turnhout: Brepols, 1999, p. 15–37.
Mužić Ivan, Vlasi i Starobalkanska Pretkršćanska Simbolika Jelena na Stećcima, in: Vlasi u Starijoj Hrvatskoj Historiografiji, ed. Ivan Mužić, Split: MHAS, 2010, p. 215–286.
Naumov E. P., Balkanskie vlahi i formirovanie drevneserbskoj narodnosti (k analizu vlashskih imen iz serbskih gramot HIII v.), in: Jetnnicheskaja Istorija Vostochn’іh Romancev: Drevnost’ i Srednie Veka, ed. V. V. Ivanov, et al., Moskva: Nauka, 1979, p. 18–60. [Наумов, Е. П., Валканские Влахи и Формирование Древнесербской Народности, in: Этнническая История Восточньіх Романцев: Древность и Средние Века, ed. В. В. Иванов, et al., Москва: Наука, 1979, p. 18–60].
Nedkvitne Arnved, The Social Consequences of Literacy in Medieval Scandinavia, Turnhout: Brepols, 2004.
Ong Walter, Orality and Literacy, New York: Routledge, 2002.
Pack Alexander H., Writing a Revolution: From Oral to Literate Cultural Transmission in Ancient Athens, Bachelor’s Thesis, Middletown: Wesleyan University, 2014,
https://digitalcollections.wesleyan.edu/object/ir-543 [access: 29.03.2019].
Paliga Sorin, The Problem of Slavic Vlachъ and Medieval Latin Blachus, Which Ethnic Group(s) do These Forms Refer to?, in: Anca Irina Ionescu: Omagiu la 70 de Primaveri, ed. Octavia Nedelcu, Bucuresti: Lider, 2016, p. 396–404.
Pejović Đoko (ed.), Predmet i metod izučavanja patrijarhalnih zajednica u Jugoslaviji, Titograd: CANU, 1981.
Pešikan Mitar, Zetsko-humsko-raška imena na početku turskog doba, “Onomatološki Prilozi SANU” 1982, vol. 3, p. 1–120.
Petrović Đurđica, Mataruge u kasnom Srednjem veku, “Glasnik Cetinjskih Muzeja” 1977, vol. 10, p. 97–129.
Petrović Đurđica, Popis Vlaha Plješč(ev)ića iz 1371. Godine, “Onomatološki Prilozi” 1986, vol. 7, p. 141–157.
Petrović Đurđica, Srednjovekovni Vlasi na teritoriji današnje Crne Gore – primer Riđani, in: Srednjovjekovna Istorija Crne Gore kao Polje Istraživanja, ed. Branislav Kovačević, Podgorica: Istorijski Institut CG, 1999, p. 229–264.
Pijović Marko, Nekoliko misli o mogućem podrijetlu naziva ‘Vlah’, “Studia Mythologica Slavica” 2010, vol. 13, p. 199–210.
Pijović Marko, Još malo o proučavanju identiteta u prošlosti, “Historijska Traganja” 2014, vol. 14, p. 159–243.
Pijović Marko, Vlachs in the Ragusan Sources Until the 14th Century (doctoral thesis), Zagreb: University of Zagreb, 2018, https://repozitorij.hrstud.unizg.hr/islandora/object/hrstud%3A1799/datastream/PDF/view [access: 03.06.2019].
Poe Marshall T., A History of Communications, New York: Cambridge University Press, 2011.
Prodić Slobodan, Osnivačka PoveljaManastira Hilandara kao izvor za istraživanje vladarske ideologije Nemanjića, “Kultura Polisa” 2011, vol. 8, no. 16, p. 103–115.
Purgarić-Kužić Branka, Dosadašnja istraživanja o stećcima, “Radovi – Zavod za hrvatsku povijest” 1995, vol. 28, p. 242–253.
Roksandić Drago, Dinarski Vlasi/Morlaci od 14. do 16. stoljeća: koliko identiteta?, “Godišnjak Titius” 2008, vol. 1, no. 1, p. 5–19.
Skok Petar, Češka knjiga o vlaškom pravu, “Glasnik Zemaljskog Muzeja” 1918, vol. 30, p. 295–316.
Spasojević Vasilije M., Crnogorski Katuni, Zagreb-Split: NZCH-ZC, 2006.
Stets Jan E., Burke Peter J., Identity theory and social identity theory, “Social Psychology Quarterly” 2000, vol. 63, no. 3, p. 224–237.
Tošić Đuro, Prilog Proučavanju “Donjih Vlaha” u Istočnoj Hercegovini, “Zbornik za Istoriju Bosne i Hercegovine” 2004), vol. 4, p. 81–132.
Trifunoski Jovan, Geografske karakteristike srednjovekovnih katuna, in: Simpozijum o srednjovjekovnom katunu, ed. Milenko S. Filipović, Sarajevo: Naučno Društvo BiH, 1963, p. 19–39.
Vasary Istvan, Cumans and Tatars: Oriental Military in the Pre-Ottoman Balkans, 1185–1365, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005.
Vlachos George L., A Complicated Relationship: The Transhumant Pastoralists of Macedonia and the Greek State, 1913–1936, “Arcadia: Explorations in Environmental History” 2020, no. 29, http://www.environmentandsociety.org/arcadia/complicated-relationship-transhumant-pastoralists-macedonia-and-greek-state-1913-1936 [access: 01.01.2021].
Vucinich Wayne, Transhumanca”, in: Jugoslavija i Njeni Povjesničari, ed. Norman M. Naimark, Holly Case, Zagreb: Srednja Europa, 2005, p. 57–77.
Vukosavljević Sreten V., Organizacija Dinarskih Plemena, Beograd: SAN, 1957.
Vuković Jovan (ed.), Savjetovanje o terminologijama narodne materijalne i duhovne culture, Sarajevo: ANUBIH, 1977.
Winnifrith Tom, The Vlachs: The History of a Balkan people, London: Duckworth, 1987.
License
- The Author hereby warrants that he/she is the owner of all the copyright and other intellectual property rights in the Work and that, within the scope of the present Agreement, the paper does not infringe the legal rights of another person.The owner of the copyright work also warrants that he/she is the sole and original creator thereof and that is not bound by any legal constraints in regard to the use or sale of the work.
- The Author grants the Purchaser non-exclusive and free of charge license to unlimited use worldwide over an unspecified period of time in the following areas of exploitation:
2.1. production of multiple copies of the Work produced according to the specific application of a given technology, including printing, reproduction of graphics through mechanical or electrical means (reprography) and digital technology;
2.2. marketing authorisation, loan or lease of the original or copies thereof;
2.3. public performance, public performance in the broadcast, video screening, media enhancements as well as broadcasting and rebroadcasting, made available to the public in such a way that members of the public may access the Work from a place and at a time individually chosen by them;
2.4. inclusion of the Work into a collective work (i.e. with a number of contributions);
2.5. inclusion of the Work in the electronic version to be offered on an electronic platform, or any other conceivable introduction of the Work in its electronic version to the Internet;
2.6. dissemination of electronic versions of the Work in its electronic version online, in a collective work or independently;
2.7. making the Work in the electronic version available to the public in such a way that members of the public may access the Work from a place and at a time individually chosen by them, in particular by making it accessible via the Internet, Intranet, Extranet;
2.8. making the Work available according to appropriate license pattern Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-ND 4.0) as well as another language version of this license or any later version published by Creative Commons. - The Author grants the Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan permission to:
3.1. reproduce a single copy (print or download) and royalty-free use and disposal of rights to compilations of the Work and these compilations.
3.2. send metadata files related to the Work, including to commercial and non-commercial journal-indexing databases. - The Author declares that, on the basis of the license granted in the present Agreement, the Purchaser is entitled and obliged to allow third parties to obtain further licenses (sublicenses) to the Work and to other materials, including derivatives thereof or compilations made based on or including the Work, whereas the provisions of such sub-licenses will be the same as with the attributed license pattern Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-ND 4.0) or another language version of this license, or any later version of this license published by Creative Commons. Thereby, the Author entitles all interested parties to use the work, for non-commercial purposes only, under the following conditions:
4.1. acknowledgment of authorship, i.e. observing the obligation to provide, along with the distributed work, information about the author, title, source (link to the original Work, DOI) and of the license itself.
4.2. the derivatives of the Work are subject to the same conditions, i.e. they may be published only based on a licence which would be identical to the one granting access to the original Work. - The University of Adam Mickiewicz in Poznań is obliged to
5.1. make the Work available to the public in such a way that members of the public may access the Work from a place and at a time individually chosen by them, without any technological constraints;
5.2. appropriately inform members of the public to whom the Work is to be made available about sublicenses in such a way as to ensure that all parties are properly informed (appropriate informing messages).
Other provisions
- The University of Adam Mickiewicz in Poznań hereby preserves the copyright to the journal as a whole (layout/stylesheet, graphics, cover design, logo etc.)