Abstract
The article will analyze the principal problems concerning research on the cultural heritage of displaced communities in Europe from the perspective of the Vlach minority. Based on the field research conducted in several countries of Europe (e.g. Greece, Macedonia, Romania, Ukraine, Slovakia and Poland), I will present the main classification of the Vlach tangible heritage with special attention paid to the most important cultural monuments, including religious building developments (churches, icons, small religious architecture). I will portray the difficulties found in protecting this heritage and the role of cultural institutions in its preservation and exposition. It can be stated that the example of the Vlachs perfectly illustrates the complex processes related to cultures which were overwhelmingly subjugated by their neighbours and lost the fight. A neighbour, usually representing the culture of the majority, was stronger culturally, economically, politically and often militarily. The article focuses on the phenomena which classical anthropology used to inspect, claiming that its role is to protect what is fading into oblivion. Thus, the analysis of the Vlach culture presented herein refers to a much wider reflection, which is a synergy of ethnography, ethnology and cultural anthropology, and to the critical studies on heritage which are emerging in Poland.References
Assmann Jan, Pamięć kulturowa. Pismo, zapamiętywanie i polityczna tożsamość w cywilizacjach starożytnych (Cultural memory. Writing, memorizing and political identity in the ancient civilizations). translated by A. Kryczyńska-Pham, Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego, Warsaw 2008, 35-37. 148
Ewa Kocój Kestrina Budina and Laurie K. Hart, ,,Northern Epiros: The Greek Minority in Southern Albania”, http:// www.culturalsurvival.org/publications/cultural-survival-quarterly/albania/northern-epiros-greekminority-southern-albania [access: 11/09/14].
Brailsford Henry N., Macedonia: its races and their future, Methuen & Co., London, 1906, http://promacedonia.org/en/hb/hb_8_4.html [access: 11/10/14].
Elsie Robert, Der Islam und die Derwisch-Sekten Albaniens. Anmerkungen zu ihrer Geschichte, Verbreitung und zur derzeitigen Lage, http://www.kakanien.ac.at/beitr/fallstudie/RElsie2.pdf [access: 11/09/14]. Emergency Restoration St. Nicholas Church, Voskopoja, http://albania.nlembassy.org/binaries/content/ assets/postenweb/a/albanie/netherlands-embassy-in-tirana/2013/may/pcf_chwb_voskopoja.pdf [access: 10/31/14].
Góral Anna, Zarządzanie miejscami kultu religijnego w kontekście rozwoju turystyki kulturowej (Managing the places of worship in the context of cultural tourism development), http://www.turystykakul turowa.org/pdf/2012_01_02.pdf [access: 5/01/12]
Gutowska Krystyna, ,,Niechciane dobra kultury: chronić czy niszczyć?” in: Dziedzictwo kulturowe – konteksty odpowiedzialności, ed. K. Gutowska (Warszawa: KNSiAPW, 2003, 97–123.
Herrmann Jürgen, The situation of national minorities in Vojvodina and of the Romanian ethnic minority in Serbia, Report Committee on Legal Affairs and Human Rights, http://www.assembly.coe.int/nw/ xml/XRef/X2H-Xref-ViewHTML.asp?FileID=11906&lang=EN [access: 11/15/14]
Janicka-Krzywda Urszula, Magia hal i połonin (The Magic of Mountain Pastures). [in:] Pasterstwo w Karpatach. Tradycja a współczesność. Szkice (Herding in the Carpathians. Tradition and Modernity. Essays), ed. M. Kiereś, (Warszawa: Centrum UNEP/GRID-Warszawa&Grafikon, 2013), 41-56.
Jawor Grzegorz, Osady prawa wołoskiego i ich mieszkańcy na Rusi czerwonej w późnym średniowieczu (The Vlach settlements and their inhabitants in Red Russia in the late Middle Ages), Lublin 2004.
Kahl Thede, The Islamisation of the Meglen Vlachs (Megleno-Romanians): The Village of Naˆnti (Nótia) and the “Naˆntinets” in Present-Day Turkey, “Nationalities Papers”, 2006, 34:01, 71-90, http://www. paundurlic.com/pdf/The-islamisation-of-the-Meglen-Vlachs.pdf [access: 11/01/14].
Kłapyta Piotr, Wołosi - nomadzi Bałkanów (Vlachs – the Balkan Nomads), in: Pasterstwo w Karpatach. Tradycja a współczesność. Szkice (Herding in the Carpathians. Tradition and Modernity. Essays), ed. M. Kiereś, (Warszawa: Centrum UNEP/GRID-Warszawa&Grafikon, 2013), 29-37.
Kocój Ewa, ,,Zwyczaje cyklu dobowego w prawosławnych monastyrach w Rumunii, czyli o wzajemnych związkach materialnego i niematerialnego dziedzictwa kultury (The customs of a circadian rhythm in the Orthodox Romanian monasteries. About the mutual relationships between tangible and intangible cultural heritage), Teologia i człowiek, 2013, Issue 21, 83-103.
Kosmala Gerard and Chylińska Dagmara, Trudne dziedzictwo. Upamiętnienia poległych podczas I wojny światowej żołnierzy niemieckich na Śląsku (Difficult heritage. Commemorating the German soldiers who died in Silesia during World War I), http://www.zgrit.uni.wroc.pl/strona%20internetowa%20 pomniki/index.html [access: 10/10/14].
Kowalski Krzysztof, O istocie dziedzictwa europejskiego – rozważania (On the Nature of European Heritage – reflections), Cracow: Międzynarodowe Centrum Kultury, 2013.
Kucypera Paweł and Wadyl Sławomir, Kultura materialna (Material Culture), http://www.academia. edu/2378887/MATERIAL_CULTURE_KULTURA_MATERIALNA_CO-AUTHOR_P._KUCY PERA_ [access: 11/11/14].
Luković Miloš, Transhumantní migrace pastevců v centrálních a západních oblastech Balkánu, [in:] Tradíčni agrárni kultura v kontextu společenského vývoje středni Evropy a Balkánu, Eds. Z. Kłodnicki, M. Luković, P. Slarkovský, R. Stoličná, M. Válk, ,”Etnologické Studie”, Brno, 2012, 12, 147-196.
Mauro-Valachica, https://notendur.hi.is//~maurizio/danubiana/maurovalachica.htm [access: 10/24/14].
Mulet Wojciech, Wołosi w Ochotnicy (Vlachs in Ochotnica), http://skansen-studzionki.pl/?p=116 [access: 10/13/14].
Nitsiakos, Vassilis, On the Border: Transborder Mobility, Ethnic Groups and Boundaries on the AlbanianGreek Frontiers, http://www.brad.ac.uk/ssis/media/ssis/ceer/2011/Nitsiakos_review.pdf [access: 11/10/14].
Nowicka Ewa, Nasz język rozumieją aniołowie. Arumuni we współczesnym świecie (Angels understand our language. Aromanians in the modern world), Cracow: Nomos, 2011.
Rapper Gilles de, Better than Muslims, not as good as Greeks. Emigration as experienced and imagined by the Albanian Christians of Lunxhëri”, in: The New Albanian Migration, ed. R. King, N. Mai, S.Schwandner-Sievers (Sussex Academic Press, 2005), 173-194.
REPORT ON THE STATE OF HUMAN RIGHTS OF RUMANIANS AND VLACHS IN SERBIA, http:// www.banatul.com/info/banat-history-romanians-in-serbia.shtml/ [access: 11/15/14].
Rousseva, R. 2006. Iconographic characteristics of the churches in Moschopolis and Vithkuoi (Albania), Makedonika, Vol. 35, http://media.ems.gr/ekdoseis/makedonika/makedonika_35/ekd_pemk_35_ Russeva.pdf [access: 10/31/14].
Palushi Ahilino, ,,The life cycle of St. Nicholas conducted in Basilica of “St. Nicholas” in Voskopoje, Anglisticum Journal (IJLLIS), Volume: 2, Issue: 4, http://pakacademicsearch.com/pdf-files/lan/ 170/312-315%20Volume%202%20Number%204%20%20August%202013.pdf [access: 10/31/14].
Słownik gwary i kultury podhalańskiej (Dictionary of the Podhale dialect and culture) [in:] M. Madejowa, A. Mlekodaj, K. Sikora (Eds.), Góry i góralszczyzna w dziejach i kulturze pogranicza polsko-słowackiego (Podhale, Spisz, Orawa, Gorce, Pieniny). Literatura i język (Mountains and highlander culture in the history and culture of the Polish and Slovak border (Podhale, Spiš, Orava, Gorce, Pieniny Mountains. Literature and Language), Nowy Targ 2005, 171-175.
Шевцова Галина, Дерев'яні церкви Укрраїни, Київ 2007.
Truszkowski Witold, Studia socjolingwistyczne z dialektologii rumuńskiej na materiale wsi Dragus w Siedmiogrodzie rumuńskim w konfrontacji z polską gwarą wsi Ochotnica Dolna w Gorcach (Sociolinguistic studies on the Romanian dialectology – case study of the Dragus village in Transylvania in confrontation with the Polish dialect of the Ochotnica Dolna village in Gorce), (Kraków: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego, 1996).
Tunbridge John E. and Ashworth G.E., Dissonant heritage - The Management of the Past as a Resource in Conflict, (Chichester: Wiley & Sons, 1996).
The Vlachs. Report, “Greek Monitor of Human & Minority Rights”, 1995, Vol. 1 No. 3 December (MayJune 1994), http://www.greekhelsinki.gr/english/reports/vlachs.html [access: 10/19/14].
Voskopojë Churches, http://www.wmf.org/project/voskopoj%C3%AB-churches [access: 10/31/14].
Wace Alan J.B., and Thompson M.S., The Nomads of the Balcans (London: Methuen&Co. LTD, 1914), https://archive.org/stream/nomadsofbalkansa00wace#page/n9/mode/2up [access: 10/28/14]. http://www.istro-romanian.net/ [access: 10/24/14].
License
- The Author hereby warrants that he/she is the owner of all the copyright and other intellectual property rights in the Work and that, within the scope of the present Agreement, the paper does not infringe the legal rights of another person.The owner of the copyright work also warrants that he/she is the sole and original creator thereof and that is not bound by any legal constraints in regard to the use or sale of the work.
- The Author grants the Purchaser non-exclusive and free of charge license to unlimited use worldwide over an unspecified period of time in the following areas of exploitation:
2.1. production of multiple copies of the Work produced according to the specific application of a given technology, including printing, reproduction of graphics through mechanical or electrical means (reprography) and digital technology;
2.2. marketing authorisation, loan or lease of the original or copies thereof;
2.3. public performance, public performance in the broadcast, video screening, media enhancements as well as broadcasting and rebroadcasting, made available to the public in such a way that members of the public may access the Work from a place and at a time individually chosen by them;
2.4. inclusion of the Work into a collective work (i.e. with a number of contributions);
2.5. inclusion of the Work in the electronic version to be offered on an electronic platform, or any other conceivable introduction of the Work in its electronic version to the Internet;
2.6. dissemination of electronic versions of the Work in its electronic version online, in a collective work or independently;
2.7. making the Work in the electronic version available to the public in such a way that members of the public may access the Work from a place and at a time individually chosen by them, in particular by making it accessible via the Internet, Intranet, Extranet;
2.8. making the Work available according to appropriate license pattern Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-ND 4.0) as well as another language version of this license or any later version published by Creative Commons. - The Author grants the Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan permission to:
3.1. reproduce a single copy (print or download) and royalty-free use and disposal of rights to compilations of the Work and these compilations.
3.2. send metadata files related to the Work, including to commercial and non-commercial journal-indexing databases. - The Author declares that, on the basis of the license granted in the present Agreement, the Purchaser is entitled and obliged to allow third parties to obtain further licenses (sublicenses) to the Work and to other materials, including derivatives thereof or compilations made based on or including the Work, whereas the provisions of such sub-licenses will be the same as with the attributed license pattern Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-ND 4.0) or another language version of this license, or any later version of this license published by Creative Commons. Thereby, the Author entitles all interested parties to use the work, for non-commercial purposes only, under the following conditions:
4.1. acknowledgment of authorship, i.e. observing the obligation to provide, along with the distributed work, information about the author, title, source (link to the original Work, DOI) and of the license itself.
4.2. the derivatives of the Work are subject to the same conditions, i.e. they may be published only based on a licence which would be identical to the one granting access to the original Work. - The University of Adam Mickiewicz in Poznań is obliged to
5.1. make the Work available to the public in such a way that members of the public may access the Work from a place and at a time individually chosen by them, without any technological constraints;
5.2. appropriately inform members of the public to whom the Work is to be made available about sublicenses in such a way as to ensure that all parties are properly informed (appropriate informing messages).
Other provisions
- The University of Adam Mickiewicz in Poznań hereby preserves the copyright to the journal as a whole (layout/stylesheet, graphics, cover design, logo etc.)