Keywords
Ottoman poetry
early Ottoman sources
holy war
ghazi
borderland
How to Cite
Abstract
Among the preserved works of 15th-century Ottoman historiography, there are several examples of poems that are related to the idea of conducting a ġazā. Analysis of these works leads to conclusions that partly confirm previous findings in the literature, but also to new insights. The ġāzī community encompassed representatives of various social groups who interpreted this concept differently and had different goals related to it. Muslim scholars tried to impose certain rules based on moral principles. Their approach also assumed being a link between the borderland and the center. The palace aimed to lead the conquests and subjugate the border warriors. Among the latter, there were elements of culture whose tradition can be traced back to the first centuries of Islam. Something important for them, apart from enrichment, was the bond with the conquered land, which was not only a new part of the domain of Islam, but also their small homeland.
References
Ahmedî, Dâstân ve Tevârîh-i Mülûk-i Âl-i Osman [w:] Osmanlı Tarihleri I, red. N. Atsız, İstanbul 1949, s. 1–35.
Anonim Osmanlı Kroniği. [Osmanlı Tarihi (1299`512)], red. N. Öztürk, İstanbul 2015.
Anonim, Tevârîh-i Âl-i Osmân, red. N. Azmat, İstanbul 1992.
Le destan d’Umur Pasha, red. I. Mélikoff-Sayar, Paris 1954.
Düstûrnâme-i Enverî. Osmanlı Tarihi Kısmı (1299–1465), red. N. Öztürk, İstanbul 2003.
Kemal, Selâtîn-Nâme (1299–1490), red. N. Öztürk, Ankara 2001.
Mecmu‘a-yı münşeāt Ferīdūn Beg, İstanbul 1274 [AD 1858].
Mevlânâ Mehmed Neşrî, Cihânnümâ. [Osmanlı Tarihi (1288–1485)], red. N. Öztürk, İstanbul 2013.
Sehî Bey, Tezkire. „Hest Behşt”, İstanbul 1980.
Sılay K., Ahmedī’s history of the Ottoman dynasty, “Journal of Turkish Studies” 1992, nr 16, s. 129–200.
Şükrullah, Behcetüttevârîh [w:] Osmanlı Tarihleri I, red. N. Atsız, İstanbul 1949, s. 37–76.
Tariḫ-i Ya‘ḳūb Paşa, Uppsala universitetsbibliotek, MS 55587.
Taşköprülüzâde, Osmanlı Bilginleri, tłum. M. Tan, İstanbul 2019.
Yıldırım M. A., Yakup Paşa Gazavaynamesi, Latin Harflerine Çevrilmesi ve Değerlendirilmesi, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, konsultacja: H. B. Karadeniz, Kütahya 2014.
Anhegger R., Selâtinnâme Müellifi Kemal. Hayat Ve Eserleri – Dil Ve Edebiyat Hakkında Görüşleri – Hikâyeler, “Türk Dil Ve Edebiyat Dergisi” 1952, t. 4, nr 4, s. 447–470.
Anooshahr A., The ghazi sultans and the frontiers of islam. A comparative study of the late medieval and early modern periods, London–New York 2009.
Darling L., Contested territory: Ottoman holy war in comparative context, „Studia Islamica” 2000, nr 91, s. 133–163.
Darling L., Reformulating the gazi narrative: when was the Ottoman state a gazi state?, „Turcica” 2011, nr 43, s. 13–53.
Döğüş S., Osmanlılarda Gaza İdeolojisinin Tarihi Ve Kültürel Kaynakları, „Belleten” 2008, t. 72, nr 265, s. 817–888.
Emecen F. M., Gazâya Dâir. XIV. Yüzyıl Kaynakların Arasında Bir Gezinti [w:] idem, İlk Osmanlılar Ve Batı Anadolu Beylikler Dünyası, İstanbul 2010, s. 75–85.
Erginbaş V., Enveri [w:] The encyclopaedia of islam three, red. K. Fleet et al., Leiden–Boston 2023, s. 16–19.
Flemming B., The poem in the chronicle: the use of poetry in early Ottoman historiography [w:] idem, Essays on Turkish literature and history, Leiden–Boston 2018, s. 344–351.
Fodor P., Aḥmedī’s Dāsitān as a source of early Ottoman history, „Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae” 1984, t. 38, nr 1–2, s. 41–54.
Gheorghe A., Mental frames and textual strategies in mid–14th century Byzantine-Turkish sources on the beginnings of the Anatolian Turks in Europe „Südost-Forschungen” 2021, t. 80, nr 1, s. 1–18.
Gheorghe A., The metamorphoses of power. Violence, warlords, aḳıncıs and the early Ottomans (1300–1450), Leiden–Boston 2022.
Imber C., The legend of Osman Gazi [w:] The Ottoman Emirate (1300–1389), red. E. Zachariadou, Rethymnon 1993, s. 67–75.
Imber C., The Ottoman dynastic myth, „Turcica” 1987, nr 19, s. 7–20.
Inalcik H., Imperium Osmańskie, Epoka klasyczna 1300–1600, tłum. J. Hunia, Kraków 2006.
Inalcik H., The rise of the Ottoman historiography [w:] Historians of the Middle East, red. P. Holt, B. Lewis, London 1962, s. 152–167.
Jennings R. C., Some thoughts on the gazi-thesis, “Wiener Zeitschrift für die Kunde des Morgenlandes” 1986, nr 76, s. 151–161.
Kafadar C., Between two worlds. The construction of the Ottoman state, Berkeley 1995.
Káldy-Nagy G., The Holy War (jihād) in the first centuries of the Ottoman Empire, „Harvard Ukrainian Studies” 1979–1980, t. 3–4, nr 1, s. 467–473.
Kastritsis D. J., The sons of Bayezid. Empire building and representation in the Ottoman civil war of 1402–1413, Leiden–Boston 2007.
Kaytaz F., Erken Dönem Osmanlı Tarih Metinlerine Göre Osman Gazi’nin Orhan Gazi’ye Nasihatleri, „Fatih Sultan Mehmet İlmî Araştırmalar İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Dergisi” 2016, nr 7, s. 147–163.
Köprülü M. F., Les origines de l’Empire Ottoman, Paris 1935.
Lapidus I. M., Tribes and state formation in Islamic history [w:] Tribes and state formation in the Middle East, red. Ph. S. Khoury, J. Kostiner, Berkeley–Los Angeles–Oxford 1990, s. 25–47.
Lindner R. P., What Was a nomadic tribe?, „Comparative Studies in Society and History” 1982, t. 24, nr 4, s. 689–711.
Lemerle P., L’Emirat d’Aydin, Byzance et l’Occident, Paris 1957.
Lowry H. W., The nature of the early Ottoman state, New York 2003.
Lowry H. W., Some thoughts on the meaning of gaza and akın in early Ottoman usage [w:] The Ottoman Empire: Myths, realities and „black holes”. Contributions in honour of Colin Imber, red. E. Kermeli, O. Özel, Istanbul 2006, s. 47.
Mengüç M. C., Bringing the past together: Ahmedi’s narrative of Ottoman history and two later texts [w:] Studies in islamic historiography. Essays in honour of professor Donald P. Little, red. S. G. Massoud, Leiden–Boston 2020, s. 125–144.
Mengüç M. C., Histories of Bayezid I, historians of Bayezid II: Rethinking Late fifteenth-century Ottoman historiography “Bulletin of School of Oriental and African Studies” 2013, t. 76, nr 3, s. 373–389, https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/bulletin-of-the-school-of-oriental-and-african-studies/article/abs/histories-of-bayezid-i-historians-of-bayezid-ii-rethinking-late-fifteenthcentury-ottoman-historiography/7FF67B09E9CF89780E8EE8BC55404610 [dostęp: 12.11.2025].
Mercan İ. H., Türk Tarihinin Kaynaklarından Olan Bazı Menakıbname Ve Gazavatnameler Hakkında „Balıkesir Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi” 2003, t. 6, nr 10, s. 107–130.
Schmitt O. J., Kiprovska M., Ottoman raiders (akıncıs) as a driving force of early Ottoman conquest of the Balkans and the slavery-based economy, „Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient” 2022, nr 65, s. 497–582.
Stavrides Th., The Sultan of vezirs. The life and times of the Ottoman Grand Vezir Mahmud Pasha Angelović (1453–1474), Leiden–Boston–Köln 2001.
Togan I., Ottoman history by inner Asian norms [w:] New approaches to state and peasant in Ottoman history, red. H. Berktay, S. Faroqhi, Abingdon–New York 2016.
Wittek P., The rise of the Ottoman empire, London 1938.
Yurdusev A. N., Ottoman conceptions of war and peace in the classical period [w:] Just wars, holy wars, and jihads. Christian, Jewish and muslim encounters and exchanges, red. S. H. Hashmi, Oxford 2012.
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Krzysztof Dobosz
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
- The Author hereby warrants that he/she is the owner of all the copyright and other intellectual property rights in the Work and that, within the scope of the present Agreement, the paper does not infringe the legal rights of another person.The owner of the copyright work also warrants that he/she is the sole and original creator thereof and that is not bound by any legal constraints in regard to the use or sale of the work.
- The Author grants the Purchaser non-exclusive and free of charge license to unlimited use worldwide over an unspecified period of time in the following areas of exploitation:
2.1. production of multiple copies of the Work produced according to the specific application of a given technology, including printing, reproduction of graphics through mechanical or electrical means (reprography) and digital technology;
2.2. marketing authorisation, loan or lease of the original or copies thereof;
2.3. public performance, public performance in the broadcast, video screening, media enhancements as well as broadcasting and rebroadcasting, made available to the public in such a way that members of the public may access the Work from a place and at a time individually chosen by them;
2.4. inclusion of the Work into a collective work (i.e. with a number of contributions);
2.5. inclusion of the Work in the electronic version to be offered on an electronic platform, or any other conceivable introduction of the Work in its electronic version to the Internet;
2.6. dissemination of electronic versions of the Work in its electronic version online, in a collective work or independently;
2.7. making the Work in the electronic version available to the public in such a way that members of the public may access the Work from a place and at a time individually chosen by them, in particular by making it accessible via the Internet, Intranet, Extranet;
2.8. making the Work available according to appropriate license pattern Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-ND 4.0) as well as another language version of this license or any later version published by Creative Commons. - The Author grants the Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan permission to:
3.1. reproduce a single copy (print or download) and royalty-free use and disposal of rights to compilations of the Work and these compilations.
3.2. send metadata files related to the Work, including to commercial and non-commercial journal-indexing databases. - The Author declares that, on the basis of the license granted in the present Agreement, the Purchaser is entitled and obliged to allow third parties to obtain further licenses (sublicenses) to the Work and to other materials, including derivatives thereof or compilations made based on or including the Work, whereas the provisions of such sub-licenses will be the same as with the attributed license pattern Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-ND 4.0) or another language version of this license, or any later version of this license published by Creative Commons. Thereby, the Author entitles all interested parties to use the work, for non-commercial purposes only, under the following conditions:
4.1. acknowledgment of authorship, i.e. observing the obligation to provide, along with the distributed work, information about the author, title, source (link to the original Work, DOI) and of the license itself.
4.2. the derivatives of the Work are subject to the same conditions, i.e. they may be published only based on a licence which would be identical to the one granting access to the original Work. - The University of Adam Mickiewicz in Poznań is obliged to
5.1. make the Work available to the public in such a way that members of the public may access the Work from a place and at a time individually chosen by them, without any technological constraints;
5.2. appropriately inform members of the public to whom the Work is to be made available about sublicenses in such a way as to ensure that all parties are properly informed (appropriate informing messages).
Other provisions
- The University of Adam Mickiewicz in Poznań hereby preserves the copyright to the journal as a whole (layout/stylesheet, graphics, cover design, logo etc.)