Abstract
The article discusses the beginnings of Ottoman expansion into the Balkans during the first half of the fourteenth century. The purpose of the study is to explain the political and social mechanisms that enabled the Ottomans to establish a lasting presence in Southeastern Europe. The author employs an analysis of Byzantine and Ottoman sources as well as historical scholarship concerning the history of Byzantium and the Turkish states of Asia Minor. The study demonstrates that Ottoman expansion was preceded by earlier contacts between Byzantium and Turkic peoples and by the activities of other Anatolian beyliks. Particular attention is devoted to the geopolitical position of the Ottoman emirate on the Byzantine frontier, the role of the ghazi ideology, and the migration of Turkic populations triggered by the Mongol invasions. The author analyzes the first Turkish incursions into Thrace and Moesia and the gradual weakening of Byzantine power in both Asia Minor and Europe. He argues that Ottoman success resulted from military dynamism, the political crisis of the Byzantine Empire, and the effective exploitation of conditions in the Balkans.
References
Ašiqpašazade, Vom Hirtenzelt zur Hohen Pforte, przeł. R.F. Kreutel, Graz–Wien–Köln 1959.
Brattuti V., Chronica delľ origine e progressi della casa ottomana composta da Saidino eccelentissimo Historico in lingua Turca, Vienna 1649.
Die altosmanischen anonymen Chroniken, t. 2, wyd. F. Giese, Breslau 1922.
Dölger F., Regesten der Kaiserurkunden des Oströmischen Reiches von 565–1453, cz. 4: Regesten von 1282–1341, München–Berlin 1960.
Dölger F., Regesten der Kaiserurkunden des Oströmischen Reiches, t. 5: 1341–1453, München–Berlin 1965.
Ducas, Istoria turco-bizantină (1341–1462), wyd. V. Grecu, Bucureşti 1958.
Enveri, Le destan d’Umur Pacha, wyd., tłum. i oprac. I. Mélikoff-Sayar [w:] Bibliothèque byzantine. Documents, t. 2, Paris 1954.
Ioannis Cantacuzeni eximperatoris historiarum libri IV. Graece et latine, wyd. L. Schopen, t. 1–3, Bonnae 1828–1832.
Laonikos Chalkokondyles, Historiarum demonstrationes, wyd. E. Darkó, I, Budapest 1922.
Matteo Villani, Historiae [w:] Rerum Italicarum Scriptores, wyd. L.A. Muratori, t. 14, Mediolani 1729, s. 9–728.
Mevlâna Mehmet Neşri, Gihannüma. Die altosmanische Chronik des Mevlānā Meḥemmed Neschri, wyd. F. Taeschner, T. Menzel, cz. 1, Leipzig 1951.
Sa‛d-eddin, Tac üt-tevarih, Biblioteka Narodowa w Sofii, rkp Or/546, Or/2560.
Angelov D., Certains aspects de la conquête des peuples balkaniques par les Turcs, „Byzantinoslavica” 1956, t. 17, s. 259–277.
Babinger F., Beiträge zur Frühgeschichte der Türkenherrschaft in Rumelien (14.–15. Jahrhundert), Brünn–München–Wien 1944.
Barkan Ö. L., Les déportations comme méthode de peuplement et de colonisation dans l’Empire Ottoman, „Istanbul Üniversitesi İktisat Fakültesi Mecmuası” 1949–1950, t. 11, s. 67–131.
Beldiceanu-Steinherr I., La conquête d’Andrinople par les Turcs, la pénétration turque en Thrace et la valeur des chroniques ottomanes [w:] Travaux et mémoires, t. 2, Paris 1965, s. 439–461.
Burmov A., Koga e zavladan Odrin ot turcite, „Izvestija na Bălgarskoto Istoričesko Družestvo” 1945, t. 21, s. 23–33.
Charanis P., The Strife among the Palaeologi and the Ottoman Turks, 1370–1402, „Byzantion” 1942–1943, t. 16, s. 286–314.
Cvetkova B., Obzor na osnovnite osmanski iztočnici ot XV v. za pohodite na Vladislav Varnenčik i Jan Huniadi prez 1443–1444 g. [w:] Varna 1444, Sofija 1969, s. 168–183.
Ferluga J., Serben, Türken und Byzantiner von der türkischen Eroberung Kallipolis’ (1354) bis zur Schlacht an der Marica (1371) [w:] Mélanges Ivan Dujčev, Paris 1979, s. 165–174.
Gay J., Le pape Clément VI et les affaires d’Orient (1342–1352), Paris 1904.
Gjuzelev V., Momčil v svetlinata na edin nov istoričeski izvor [w:] Vesti na Narodnija Muzej v Haskovo, t. 2, Haskovo 1965, s. 21–27.
Grousset R., L’Empire du Levant, Paris 1949.
Inalcik H., The Emergence of the Ottomans [w:] The Cambridge History of Islam, t. 2, Cambridge 1970, s. 263–291. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CHOL9780521219464.010
Inalcik H., The Rise of Ottoman Historiography [w:] Historians of the Middle East, red. B. Lewis, P.M. Holt, London 1962, s. 152–167.
Istorija Vizantii, t. 3, Moskva 1967.
Jireček J.K., Besprechungen: N. Jorga, „Geschichte des osmanischen Reiches”…, „Byzantinische Zeitschrift” 1909, t. 18, s. 578–586.
Jorga N., Geschichte des osmanischen Reiches, t. 2, Gotha 1908.
Köprülü M. F., Les origines de l’Empire ottoman, „Études orientales”, t. 3, Paris 1935.
Lemerle P., L’émirat d’Aydin, Byzance et l’Occident. Recherches sur „La geste d’Umur Pacha”, Paris 1957.
Moravcsik Gy., Byzantinoturcica, t. 1: Die byzantinischen Quellen der Geschichte der Türkenvölker, Berlin 1983. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/9783112470527
Nikov P., Turskoto zavladavane na Bălgarija i sădbata na poslednite Šišmanovci, „Izvestija na Istoričeskoto Družestvo v Sofija” 1928, t. 7–8, s. 1–96.
Ostrogorski G., Dzieje Bizancjum, Warszawa 1968.
Pears E., The Ottoman Turks to the Fall of Constantinople [w:] The Cambridge Medieval History, t. 4, Cambridge 1936, s. 653–689.
Szakály F., Phases of Turco-Hungarian Warfare before the Battle of Mohács (1365–1526), „Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungariae” 1979, t. 33, nr 1, s. 65–111.
Werner E., Die Geburt einer Grossmacht. Die Osmanen (1300–1481), Berlin 1978. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/9783112535769
Werner E., Johannes Kantakuzenos, Umur Paša und Orhan, „Byzantinoslavica” 1965, t. 26, s. 255–276.
Wittek P., Das Fürstentum Mentesche. Studien zur Geschichte West-Kleinasiens im 13.–15. Jh., Istanbul 1934.
Wittek P., The rise of the Ottoman Empire, „Royal Asiatic Monographs”, nr 23, London 1938.
Zinkeisen J. W., Geschichte des osmanischen Reiches in Europa, t. 2, Hamburg 1840.
License
© by Adam Mickiewicz University, Faculty of History, Poznań, 1985
OPEN ACCESS