Abstrakt
This study, rooted in narrative psychology, examined the effectiveness of the proactive self-narrative diary intervention for adults’ mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: Four hundred twenty-four people aged 18 to 45 were recruited and divided into three groups: ‘narrative’, ‘descriptive’, and ‘control’. On three consecutive days, participants in the ‘narrative’ group were asked to narrate their daily experiences related to the pandemic. Over the same period, people from the ‘descriptive’ group were asked to answer questions related to their daily activities, while the third group did nothing. The effect of the respective interventions on mental health was assessed in three follow-up measurements (taken a day, two weeks, and two months after the end of the intervention). Self-narrative inclination, awareness of narrative identity, and reflexivity were analyzed as factors modifying the effect of the self-diary intervention. Results: The results indicate a significant decrease in mental health problems over time; however, no differences were found between the three groups. Contrary to the hypotheses, none of the above-mentioned factors acted as a moderator to the effectiveness of the intervention. Conclusions. This experiment suggests that the self-diary intervention has no significant impact on a decrease in mental health problems, or an increase in positive mental health. As this finding is contrary to results of other studies, it can be claimed that not all narrative interventions (and not in all situations) are effective.
Bibliografia
Adler, J.M. (2012). Living into the story: Agency and coherence in a longitudinal study of narrative identity development and mental health over the course of psychotherapy. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 102(2), 367–389. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/a0025289
Adler, J.M., Skalina, L.M., McAdams, D.P. (2008). The narrative reconstruction of psychotherapy and psychological health. Psychotherapy Research, 18(6), 719–734. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10503300802326020
Assink, M.H.J., Schroots, J.J.F. (2010). The Dynamics of Autobiographical Memory: Using The LIM, Lifeline Interview Method. Gottingen: Hogrefe Publishing.
Babore, A., Lombardi, L., Viceconti, M.L., Pignataro, S., Marino, V., Crudele, M., Candelori, C., Brammanti, S.M., Trumello, C. (2020). Psychological effects of the COVID-2019 pandemic: Perceived stress and coping strategies among healthcare professionals. Psychiatry Research, 293, 113366. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113366
Baerger, D.R., McAdams, D.P. (1999). Life story coherence and its relation to psychological well-being. Narrative Inquiry, 9, 69–96. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1075/ni.9.1.05bae
Baikie, K.A., Geerligs, L., Wilhelm, K. (2012). Expressive writing and positive writing for participants with mood disorders: An online randomized controlled trial. Journal of Affective Disorders, 136(3), 310–319. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2011.11.032
Baldock, P. (2006). The Place of Narrative in the Early Years Curriculum: How the tale unfolds. London: Routledge. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203969526
Bechard, E., Evans, J., Cho, E., Lin, Y., Kozhumam, A., Jones, J., Grob, S., Glass, O. (2021). Feasibility, acceptability, and potential effectiveness of an online expressive writing intervention for COVID-19 resilience. Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice, 45, 101460. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctcp.2021.101460
Behl, A., Nair, A., Mohagaonkar, S., Yadav, P., Gambhir, K., Tyagi, N., … Sharma, N. (2022). Threat, challenges, and preparedness for future pandemics: A descriptive review of phylogenetic analysis based predictions. Infection, Genetics and Evolution, 98, 105217. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meegid.2022.105217
Burton, C.M., King, L.A. (2008). Effects of (very) brief writing on health: The two‐minute miracle. British Journal of Health Psychology, 13(1), 9–14. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1348/135910707X250910
Carbone, S.R. (2020). Flattening the curve of mental ill-health: the importance of primary prevention in managing the mental health impacts of COVID-19. Mental Health & Prevention, 19, 200185. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mhp.2020.200185
Danoff-Burg, S., Mosher, C.E., Seawell, A.H., Agee, J.D. (2010). Does narrative writing instruction enhance the benefits of expressive writing? Anxiety, Stress, & Coping, 23(3), 341–352. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10615800903191137
Dawson, D.L., Golijani-Moghaddam, N. (2020). COVID-19: Psychological flexibility, coping, mental health, and wellbeing in the UK during the pandemic. Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science, 17, 126–134. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcbs.2020.07.010
Davis, P.A., Gustafsson, H., Callow, N., Woodman, T. (2020). Written emotional disclosure can promote athletes’ mental health and performance readiness during the COVID-19 pandemic. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 599925. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.599925
Dougherty, L.R., Klein, D.N., Olino, T.M., Laptook, R.S. (2008). Depression in children and adolescents. In: J. Hunsley, E.J. Mash (Eds.), A Guide to Assessments That Work (pp. 69–95). New York: Oxford University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/med:psych/9780195310641.003.0004
Frattaroli, J. (2006). Experimental disclosure and its moderators: a meta-analysis. Psychological bulletin, 132(6), 823–865. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.132.6.823
Frydecka, D., Małyszak, K., Chachaj, A., Kiejna, A. (2010). Struktura czynnikowa Kwestionariusza Ogólnego Zdrowia (GHQ-30). Psychiatria Polska, 44(3), 341–359.
Gallagher, M.W., Zvolensky, M.J., Long, L.J., Rogers, A.H., Garey, L. (2020). The impact of COVID-19 experiences and associated stress on anxiety, depression, and functional impairment in American adults. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 44(6), 1043–1051. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-020-10143-y
Gamache, D., Savard, C., Leclerc, P., Côté, A. (2019). Introducing a short self-report for the assessment of DSM–5 level of personality functioning for personality disorders: The Self and Interpersonal Functioning Scale. Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment, 10(5), 438. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/per0000335
García-Álvarez, L., de la Fuente-Tomás, L., García-Portilla, M.P., Sáiz, P.A., Lacasa, C.M., Dal Santo, F., … Bobes, J. (2020). Early psychological impact of the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic and lockdown in a large Spanish sample. Journal of global health, 10(2). DOI: https://doi.org/10.7189/jogh.10.020505
Giebel, C.G.J. (2018). Literature review: Narrative interventions about meaning and identity. Master thesis. https://essay.utwente.nl/76397/1/Giebel_MA_Faculty_of_Behavioural%2C_Management_and_Social_Sciences.pdf [accessed on 25.04.2025].
Głowacka, M., Helak, M., Kościńska, J. (2020). Konkurs „Pamiętniki pandemii”. Założenia, wyniki, wstępne refleksje. Autobiografia Literatura Kultura Media, 15, 227–242. DOI: https://doi.org/10.18276/au.2020.2.15-17
Goldberg, D.P, Hillier, V.F. (1979). A scaled version of the General Health Questionnaire. Psychological Medicine, 9(1), 139–145. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291700021644
Goldberg, L.R., Johnson, J.A., Eber, H.W., Hogan, R., Ashton, M.C., Cloninger, C.R., Gough, H.C. (2006). The International Personality Item Pool and the future of public-domain personality measures. Journal of Research in Personality, 40, 84–96. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2005.08.007
Gonçalves, Ó.F., Machado, P.P. (1999). Cognitive narrative psychotherapy: Research foundations. Journal of clinical psychology, 55 (10), 1179–1191. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-4679(199910)55:10<1179::AID-JCLP2>3.0.CO;2-L
Graaf, A.D., Sanders, J., Hoeken, H. (2016). Characteristics of narrative interventions and health effects: a review of the content, form, and context of narratives in health-related narrative persuasion research. Review of Communication Research, 4, 88–131. DOI: https://doi.org/10.12840/issn.2255-4165.2016.04.01.011
Gubrium, A., Fiddian-Green, A., Lowe, S., DiFulvio, G., Peterson, J. (2019). Digital storytelling as critical narrative intervention with adolescent women of Puerto Rican descent. Critical Public Health, 29(3), 290–301. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09581596.2018.1451622
Hallford, D.J., Mellor, D. (2015). Development and validation of the Awareness of Narrative Identity Questionnaire (ANIQ). Assessment, 24(3), 399–413. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1073191115607046
Harrington, W.N., Kackos, C.M., Webby, R.J. (2021). The evolution and future of influenza pandemic preparedness. Experimental & Molecular Medicine, 53(5), 737–749. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s12276-021-00603-0
Holmberg, D., Bell, K.M., Cadman, K. (2022). Now for the good news: Self-perceived positive effects of the first pandemic wave on romantic relationships outweigh the negative. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 39(1), 34–55. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/02654075211050939
Holmes, J. (1999). Defensive and creative uses of narrative in psychotherapy: An attachment perspective. In G. Roberts, J. Holmes (Eds.), Healing Stories: Narrative in psychiatry and psychotherapy (pp. 49–68). Oxford: Oxford University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192628275.003.0003
Inchausti, F., MacBeth, A., Hasson-Ohayon, I., Dimaggio, G. (2020). Psychological intervention and COVID-19: what we know so far and what we can do. Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy, 50(4), 243–250. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10879-020-09460-w
Janowicz, K., Ciesielski, P., Ćwiklińska, J., Piasecka, A. (2024). Polish version of the Identity Distress Survey: Reliability, factor structure, validity, relationships with mental health. European Review of Applied Psychology, 74(1), 100908. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erap.2023.100908
Józefik, B., Janusz, B., de Barbaro, B. (2012). Koncepcje dialogowego Ja w psychoterapii – założenia teoretyczne. Psychiatria Polska, 46 (5), 857–865.
Karaś, D., Cieciuch, J., Keyes, C.L. (2014). The Polish adaptation of the mental health continuum – short form (MHC-SF). Personality and Individual Differences, 69, 104–109. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2014.05.011
Keyes, C.L.M. (2009). Atlanta: Brief description of the mental health continuum short form (MHC-SF). http://www.sociology.emory.edu/ckeyes/ [accessed on 22.08.2021] DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/t30592-000
Koronawirus w Polsce (2021a). Dzienna liczba zakażeń [Daily number of new cases]. https://koronawirusunas.pl/ [accessed on 10.10.2021].
Koronawirus w Polsce (2021b). Kolejne nowe restrykcje [The new restrictions]. https://koronawirusunas.pl/informacje/kolejne-restrykcje [accessed on 10.10.2021].
Kubacka-Jasiecka, D. (2010). Interwencja kryzysowa. Pomoc w kryzysach psychologicznych. Warszawa: WAIP.
Litman, L., Robinson, J., Rosenzweig, C. (2014). The relationship between motivation, monetary compensation, and data quality among US- and India-based workers on Mechanical Turk. Behavior Research Methods, 47(2), 519–528. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-014-0483-x
Littleton, H., Horsley, S., John, S., Nelson, D.V. (2007). Trauma coping strategies and psychological distress: a meta-analysis. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 20, 977–988. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.20276
Manchia, M., Gathier, A.W., Yapici-Eser, H., Schmidt, M.V., de Quervain, D., Amelsvoort, T. van, … Vinkers, C.H. (2022). The impact of the prolonged COVID-19 pandemic on stress resilience and mental health: A critical review across waves. European Neuropsychopharmacology, 55, 22–83. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroneuro.2021.10.864
Marschin, V., Herbert, C. (2021). A short, multimodal activity break incorporated into the learning context during the Covid-19 pandemic: effects of physical activity and positive expressive writing on university students ‘mental health–results and recommendations from a pilot study. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 3074. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.645492
Mazza, C., Ricci, E., Biondi, S., Colasanti, M., Ferracuti, S., Napoli, C., Roma, P. (2020). A nationwide survey of psychological distress among Italian people during the COVID-19 pandemic: immediate psychological responses and associated factors. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(9), 3165. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17093165
McAdams, D.P. (2001). The psychology of Life-Story. Review of General Psychology, 5, 100–122. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037//1089-2680.5.2.100
McAdams, D.P. (2006). The role of narrative in personality psychology today. Narrative Inquiry, 16(1), 11–18. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1075/ni.16.1.04mca
McAdams, D.P., McLean, K.C. (2013). Narrative identity. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 22(3), 233–238. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721413475622
McLean, K.C., Pratt, M.W. (2006). Life’s little (and big) lessons: Identity status and meaning-making in the turning point narratives of emerging adults. Developmental Psychology, 42, 714–722. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.42.4.714
Mehta, C.M., Arnett, J.J., Palmer, C.G., Nelson, L.J. (2020). Established adulthood: A new conception of ages 30 to 45. American Psychologist, 75(4), 431. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/amp0000600
Mills, D.J., Petrovic, J., Mettler, J., Hamza, C.A., Heath, N.L. (2022). The good, the bad, and the mixed: Experiences during COVID-19 among an online sample of adults. Plos One, 17(6), e0269382. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269382
Mosher, C.E., Danoff-Burg, S. (2006). Health effects of expressive letter writing. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 25(10), 1122–1139. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.2006.25.10.1122
Nikčević, A.V., Marino, C., Kolubinski, D.C., Leach, D., Spada, M.M. (2021). Modelling the contribution of the Big Five personality traits, health anxiety, and COVID-19 psychological distress to generalised anxiety and depressive symptoms during the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Affective Disorders, 279, 578–584. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2020.10.053
Odachowska, E., Trzebiński, J., Prusik, M. (2019). The impact of self-narrative framing of a close person’s sudden death on coping with the meaning in life. Journal of Loss and Trauma, 24(4), 293–321. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/15325024.2019.1565145
Oliveira, J.T., Gonçalves, M.M., Batista, J., Montesano, A. (2018). The power of self-narratives in health. In R. Luca Picione, J.I. Nedergaard, M.F. Freda, S. Salvatore (Eds.), Idiographic approach to health (Yearbook of Idiographic Sciences Series) (pp. 239–254). Charlotte: Information Age Publishing.
Pals, J.L. (2006). The narrative identity processing of difficult life experiences: Pathways of personality development and positive self-transformation in adulthood. Journal of Personality, 74, 1080–1109. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.2006.00403.x
Pasupathi, M., Mansour, E. (2006). Adult age differences in autobiographical reasoning in narratives. Developmental Psychology, 42(5), 798–808. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.42.5.798
Pennebaker, J.W. (2004). Writing to Heal: A guided journal for recovering from trauma and emotional upheaval. Oakland: New Harbinger Publisher.
Pennebaker, J.W., Chung, C.K. (2011). Expressive writing: Connections to physical and mental health. In H.S. Friedman (Ed.), The Oxford Handbook of Health Psychology (pp. 417–437). Oxford: Oxford University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195342819.013.0018
Pennebaker, J.W., Seagal, J.D. (1999). Forming a story: The health benefits of narrative. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 55(10), 1243–1254. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-4679(199910)55:10<1243::AID-JCLP6>3.0.CO;2-N
Perrier, M.J., Martin Ginis, K.A. (2018). Changing health-promoting behaviours through narrative interventions: A systematic review. Journal of Health Psychology, 23(11), 1499–1517. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1359105316656243
Procaccia, R., Segre, G., Tamanza, G., Manzoni, G.M. (2021). Benefits of expressive Writing on healthcare workers’ psychological adjustment during the COVID-19 pandemic. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 360. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.624176
Radoń, S. (2014). Kwestionariusz Ruminacji-Refleksyjności (Polska adaptacja the Rumination-Reflection Scale) [Rumination-Reflection Questionnaire (Polish adaptation of the RRQ)]. Psychoterapia, 2, 61–72.
Rehman, U., Shahnawaz, M.G., Khan, N.H., Kharshiing, K.D., Khursheed, M., Gupta, K., … Uniyal, R. (2021). Depression, anxiety and stress among Indians in times of Covid-19 lockdown. Community Mental Health Journal, 57(1), 42–48. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10597-020-00664-x
Robb, C.E., de Jager, C.A., Ahmadi-Abhari, S., Giannakopoulou, P., Udeh-Momoh, C., McKeand, J., … Middleton, L. (2020). Associations of social isolation with anxiety and depression during the early COVID-19 pandemic: a survey of older adults in London, UK. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 11. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.591120
Rodríguez-Rey, R., Garrido-Hernansaiz, H., Collado, S. (2020). Psychological impact and associated factors during the initial stage of the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic among the general population in Spain. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 1540. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01540
Router, J.N., Morey, R.D., Speckman, P.L, Province, J.M. (2012). Default Bayes factor for ANOVA designs. Journal of Mathematical Psychology, 56, 356–374. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmp.2012.08.001
Salari, N., Hosseinian-Far, A., Jalali, R., Vaisi-Raygani, A., Rasoulpoor, S., Mohammadi, M., … Khaledi-Paveh, B. (2020). Prevalence of stress, anxiety, depression among the general population during the COVID-19 pandemic: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Globalization and health, 16(1), 1–11. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12992-020-00589-w
Salvatore, G., Dimaggio, G.A., Semerari, A. (2004). A model of narrative development: Implications for understanding psychopathology and guiding therapy. Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice, 77, 231–254. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1348/147608304323112519
Sęk, H. (2001). Wprowadzenie do psychologii klinicznej. Warszawa: Scholar.
Singer, J.A., Bluck, S. (2001). New perspectives on autobiographical memory: The integration of narrative processing and autobiographical reasoning. Review of General Psychology, 5(2), 91–99. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037//1089-2680.5.2.91
Smyth, J.M., Stone, A.A., Hurewitz, A., Kaell, A. (1999). Effects of writing about stressful experiences on symptom reduction in patients with asthma or rheumatoid arthritis: A randomized trial. JAMA, 281(14), 1304–1309. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.281.14.1304
Smyth, J., True, N., Souto, J. (2001). Effects of writing about traumatic experiences: The necessity for narrative structuring. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 20(2), 161–172. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.20.2.161.22266
Soroko, E. (2009). Wywoływanie autonarracji w badaniach psychologicznych. Pomiar (auto)narracyjności wypowiedzi. Poznań: Wydawnictwo Naukowe UAM.
Soroko, E. (2013). Kwestionariusz Inklinacji Autonarracyjnej (IAN-R) – pomiar skłonności do narracyjnego opracowywania i relacjonowania doświadczenia. Studia Psychologiczne, 51, 5–18.
Soroko, E., Janowicz, K., Frąckowiak, A., Siatka, A. (2019). Polska wersja kwestionariusza do badania świadomości tożsamości narracyjnej (Awareness of Narrative Identity Questionnaire-PL, ANIQ-PL). Polskie Forum Psychologiczne, 24(4), 477–497.
Suchańska, A., Ligocka, M. (2011). Inklinacja narracyjna a złożoność Ja i tożsamość. Studia Psychologiczne, 49(2), 19–34. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/v10167-011-0008-5
Tang, F., Liang, J., Zhang, H., Kelifa, M. M., He, Q., Wang, P. (2021). COVID-19 related depression and anxiety among quarantined respondents. Psychology Health, 36(2), 164–178. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/08870446.2020.1782410
Tokarska, U., Dryll, E., Cierpka, A. (2019). Letter to a grandchild as a narrative tool of older adults’ biographical experience exploration. Narrative Inquiry, 29(1), 29–49. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1075/ni.18049.tok
Trapnell, P.D., Campbell, J.D. (1999). Private self-consciousness and the Five-Factor Model of Personality: Distinguishing rumination from reflection. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76(2), 284–304. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.76.2.284
Trzebiński, J., Czarnecka, J.Z., Cabański, M. (2021). The impact of the narrative mindset on effectivity in social problem solving. Plos One, 16(7), e0253729. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0253729
Trzebiński, J., Wołowicz-Ruszkowska, A., Wójcik, A.D. (2016). The impact of self-narratives of motherhood for mothers of children with autism. Frontiers in Psychology, 7, 1899. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01899
Veronese, G., Barola, G. (2018). Healing stories: an expressive-narrative intervention for strengthening resilience and survival skills in school-aged child victims of war and political violence in the Gaza Strip. Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 23(2), 311–332. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1359104518755220
Vukčević Marković, M., Bjekić, J., Priebe, S. (2020). Effectiveness of expressive writing in the reduction of psychological distress during the COVID-19 pandemic: a randomized controlled trial. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 2936. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.587282
Whitehead, B.R., Torossian, E. (2021). Older adults’ experience of the COVID-19 pandemic: A mixed-methods analysis of stresses and joys. The Gerontologist, 61(1), 36–47. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/gnaa126
Wiltsey Stirman, S., Baumann, A.A., Miller, C.J. (2019). The FRAME: an expanded framework for reporting adaptations and modifications to evidence-based interventions. Implementation Science, 14(1), 1–10. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13012-019-0898-y
Wojciszke, B., Baryła, W. (2004). Skale do pomiaru nastroju i sześciu emocji. Czasopismo Psychologiczne, 11(1), 31–47.
Wang, C., Pan, R., Wan, X., Tan, Y., Xu, L., Ho, C.S., y Ho, R.C. (2020). Immediate psychological responses and associated factors during the initial stage of the 2019 Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) epidemic among the general population in China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17 (5). DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17051729
Wong, C.S., Chua, M.J., Prihadi, K.D. (2021). Reducing depressive symptoms and increasing positive feelings with expressive writing. International Journal of Public Health, 10(2), 433–444. DOI: https://doi.org/10.11591/ijphs.v10i2.20797
Xiong, J., Lipsitz, O., Nasri, F., Lui, L.M., Gill, H., Phan, L., … McIntyre, R.S. (2020). Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on mental health in the general population: A systematic review. Journal of Affective Disorders, 277, 55–64. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2020.08.001
Licencja
Prawa autorskie (c) 2025 Kamil Janowicz, Emilia Soroko, Paweł Kleka, Michał Dolczewski, Maciej Borzyszkowski, Apolonia Borzęcka

Utwór dostępny jest na licencji Creative Commons Uznanie autorstwa 4.0 Międzynarodowe.
1. W momencie złożenia pracy celem rozpoczęcia postępowania w sprawie publikacji, Licencjodawca, zwany dalej Autorem, akceptuje wszystkie zasady umieszczone na stronie internetowej czasopisma “Człowiek i Społeczeństwo”, udzielając Licencjobiorcy, zwanego dalej Wydawcą, niewyłącznej i nieodpłatnej licencji na korzystanie z Utworu. Licencja zakłada tym samym brak ograniczeń terytorialnych, czasowych oraz ilościowych na następujących polach eksploatacji (art. 50 ustawy z dnia 4 lutego 1994 r. o prawie autorskim i prawach pokrewnych):
a. utrwalanie Utworu;
b. zwielokrotnienie Utworu drukiem i w wersji cyfrowej;
c. wprowadzenie do obrotu, użyczenie lub najem oryginału/zwielokrotnionych egzemplarzy Utworu;
d. publiczne wykonanie, wystawienie, wyświetlenie, odtworzenie oraz nadawanie i reemitowanie, a także publiczne udostępnianie Utworu w taki sposób, aby każdy mógł mieć do niego dostęp w miejscu i w czasie przez siebie wybranym;
e. włączenie Utworu w skład utworu zbiorowego;
f. wprowadzenie Utworu w postaci elektronicznej na platformy elektroniczne lub inne wprowadzenie Utworu w postaci elektronicznej do Internetu, Intranetu, Extranetu lub innej sieci;
g. rozpowszechnianie Utworu w wersji elektronicznej w Internecie, Intranecie, Extranecie lub innej sieci, w pracy zbiorowej, a także samodzielnie w formule Open Access w oparciu o licencję Creative Commons Uznanie autorstwa 4.0 Międzynarodowa Licencja Publiczna (CC BY 4.0), a także inną wersję językową tej licencji, lub którąkolwiek późniejszą wersję tej licencji.
2. Założenia licencji Creative Commons Uznanie autorstwa 4.0 Międzynarodowa Licencja Publiczna (CC BY 4.0), udzielają Wydawcy upoważnienia do kopiowania, zmieniania, rozprowadzania, przedstawiania i wykonywania Utworu jedynie pod warunkiem uznania autorstwa.
3. Wraz z dostarczeniem Utworu, Autor zobowiązuje się do wypełnienia, podpisania oraz odesłania skanu umowy
