From Aspirations to Loneliness: Why Female Early Career Researchers from Iran Choose to Leave Polish Academia
Okładka czasopisma Człowiek i Społeczeństwo, tom 60, rok 2025
PDF (English)

Słowa kluczowe

internationalisation in higher education
researcher mobility
female educational migration
intersectional discrimination
Poland
Iran

Jak cytować

Amiri Ghadi, N., & Wadle, H. (2025). From Aspirations to Loneliness: Why Female Early Career Researchers from Iran Choose to Leave Polish Academia. Człowiek I Społeczeństwo, 60, 9–30. https://doi.org/10.14746/cis.2025.60.1

Abstrakt

This article discusses the lived experiences of female Iranian migrant early career researchers in Poland and their reasons for deciding to leave Poland and Polish Higher Education. It is based on biographical interviews conducted between 2023 and 2025. Juxtaposing the migrants’ aspirations and their experiences of social exclusions and systemic discriminations, the article portraits what it means to be a “minority minority” researcher in Poland’s higher education environment. While the researchers were largely content with the quality of higher education and the opportunities they had in research positions, they experienced a lack of welcoming culture in universities, everyday rejections as foreign nationals in urban life, and financial and legal, visa-related pressures. Commenting on the project of internationalizing research in Poland, the authors urge decisionmakers to take the experiences of Iranian female researchers seriously as a point of departure for re-thinking internationalization. They argue for an intersectional perspective that addresses multiple discriminations, while pointing at the specific responsibilities of universities for international researchers in Poland.

https://doi.org/10.14746/cis.2025.60.1
PDF (English)

Bibliografia

Ahmed, S. (2012). On Being Included: Racism and diversity in institutional life. Durham: Duke University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/9780822395324

Ahmed, S., Swan, E. (2006). Doing diversity. Policy Futures in Education, 4(2), 96–100. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2304/pfie.2006.4.2.96

Arday, J., Mirza, H.S. (2018). Dismantling race in higher education: Racism, whiteness and decolonising the academy. London: Palgrave Macmillan. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-60261-5

Armstrong, K. (16.09.2023). Poland: Government under pressure over escalating cash for visas Scandal. BBC, https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-66827742

Azadi, P., Mirramezani, M., Mesgaran, M.B. (2020). Migration and Brain Drain from Iran (Working Paper No. 9). Stanford Iran 2040 Project, Stanford University.

Babadi, M. (2021). Between cynicism and idealism: Voluntary waithood in Iran. In: M.C. Inhorn, N.J. Smith-Hefner (eds.), Waithood: Gender, education, and global delays in marriage and childbearing (1st ed., vol. 47, pp. 249–268). New York–Oxford: Berghahn Books. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv287sk5z.15

Basit, T.N., Tomlinson, S. (2012). Social Inclusion and Higher Education. Bristol: Policy Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.46692/9781847427984

Buchowski, M. (2020). Distant vs. familiar significant others: Attitudes towards absent Muslim refugees and extant labor migrants in Poland. Asian Journal of Peacebuilding, 8(1), 75–93. DOI: https://doi.org/10.18588/202005.00a121

Crenshaw, K. (1989). Demarginalizing the intersection of race and sex: A Black feminist critique of antidiscrimination doctrine. University of Chicago Legal Forum, 1989(1), Article 8, 139–168.

Crenshaw, K. (1991). Mapping the margins: Intersectionality, identity, and violence against women of color. Stanford Law Review, 43(6), 1241–1300. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/1229039

George Mwangi, C.A., Yao, C.W., Perna, L.W. (2021). U.S. higher education internationalization through an equity-driven lens: An analysis of concepts, history, and research. In: L.W. Perna (ed.), Higher Education: Handbook of theory and research, vol. 36 (pp. 549–609). Cham: Springer International Publishing. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-44007-7_11

Glass, C.R., Bista, K., Lin, X. (eds.). (2022). The Experiences of International Faculty in Institutions of Higher Education: Enhancing recruitment, retention, and integration of international talent. London: Routledge. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003081562

Gruber, M., Crispeels, T., D’Este, P. (2023). Who am I? The influence of knowledge networks on PhD students’ formation of a researcher role identity. Minerva, 61(4), 521–552. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11024-023-09492-1

Hardy, M.C., Carter, A., Bowden, N. (2016). What do postdocs need to succeed? A survey of current standing and future directions for Australian researchers. Humanities & Social Sciences Communications, 2(1), Article 16093. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/palcomms.2016.93

Hussain, Y., Bagguley, P. (2024). White atmosphere and pedagogic violence: Female Muslim graduates’ experiences on an undergraduate degree in a Russell Group university. In: A. Mahmud, M. Islam (eds.), Uncovering Islamophobia in higher education. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-65253-0_2

Palgrave Studies in Race, Inequality and Social Justice in Education. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi-org.manchester.idm.oclc.org/10.1007/978-3-031-65253-0_2

Jablonska-Skinder, H. (1987). Bringing the Convention of Prague to life: The case of Poland. European Journal of Education, 22, 59–76. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/1503190

Jaskulowski, K., Pawlak, M. (2020). Migration and lived experiences of racism: The case of high-skilled migrants in Wroclaw, Poland. International Migration Review, 54(2), 447–470. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0197918319839947

Kayhan Life Staff. (2023, July 24). Gender inequality in Iran worsens; Female unemployment on the rise. Retrieved from https://kayhanlife.com/authors/gender-inequality-in-iran-worsens-female-unemployment-on-the-rise/

Keshavarz, M., Shariati, M., Ebadi, A., Karabay, M. (2018). Desire and attitude to marriage among unmarried Iranian youth: A qualitative study. International Journal of Women’s Health and Reproduction Sciences, 6(4), 425–431. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15296/ijwhr.2018.71

Khatun, F. (2024). The contested phenomenon: Intersectional identities. In: A. Mahmud, M. Islam (eds.), Uncovering Islamophobia in higher education. Palgrave Studies in Race, Inequality and Social Justice in Education. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-65253-0_5

Khosravi, S. (2008). Young and Defiant in Tehran. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.9783/9780812206814

Kwiek, M. (2016). Global university rankings in the Polish context: The University of Warsaw, a case study. In: M. Yudkevich, P.G. Altbach, L.E. Rumbley (eds.), The Global Academic Rankings Game: Changing institutional policy, practice, and academic life (pp. 146–170). New York: Routledge. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315677170-8

Kwiek, M. (2019). Internacjonaliści i miejscowi – międzynarodowa współpraca badawcza w Polsce na mikropoziomie indywidualnych naukowców. Nauka i Szkolnictwo Wyższe, 1–2(53–54), 47–105. DOI: https://doi.org/10.14746/nisw.2019.1-2.2

Lin, G.Y. (2023). Alluvial zones of decolonizing internationalization of higher education. Journal of Contemporary Issues in Education, 18(2), 37–52. DOI: https://doi.org/10.20355/jcie29575

Main, I., Kujawa, I. (2023). Activism and ‘lived religion’: Challenging the anti-refugee attitudes in Poland. Journal of Contemporary Religion, 38(3), 407–425. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13537903.2021.1984015

Mayo, C., Blackburn, M.V. (2021). Queer, Trans, and Intersectional Theory in Educational Practice: Student, teacher, and community experiences. London: Routledge.

Mitchell, D., Simmons, C.Y., Greyerbiehl, L.A. (2014). Intersectionality & Higher Education: Theory, research, & praxis. Lausanne: Peter Lang Publishing. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3726/978-1-4539-1407-6

Moritz-Leśniak, W. (2024). Zróżnicowanie doświadczeń rodzicielskich w grupie migrantów. Człowiek i Społeczeństwo, 57, 239–260. DOI: https://doi.org/10.14746/cis.2024.57.11

Narkowicz, K. (2018). ‘Refugees not welcome here’: State, church and civil society responses to the refugee crisis in Poland. International Journal of Politics, Culture, and Society, 31, 357–373. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10767-018-9287-9

Omeni, E. (2016). Troubling encounters: Exclusion, racism and responses of male African students in Poland. Cogent Social Sciences, 2(1), Article 1212637. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/23311886.2016.1212637

Omeni, E. (2020). Violence Exposure and Transitional Coping Strategies among International Students in Poland. Wiesbaden: Springer VS. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-27452-8

Rajkhowa, G. (2024). Internationalisation for all: Rethinking university internationalisation. Space and Culture, India, 11(4), 5–19. DOI: https://doi.org/10.20896/saci.v11i4.1341

Rapoš Božič, I., Klvaňová, R., Jaworsky, B.N. (2025). You can’t take it to heart: How Czech residents from MENA and Sub-Saharan Africa make sense of ethnoracial othering. Cultural Sociology, 0, 0. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/17499755251336818

Riddiford, N. (2017). A survey of working conditions within biomedical research in the United Kingdom. F1000Research, 6, 229. DOI: https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.11029.1

Rouhi, M. (2022). Woman, life, freedom in Iran. Survival, 64(6), 189–196. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00396338.2022.2150441

Sibbett, L. (2020). Intersectionality in U.S. educational research. In: Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Education. Retrieved 11 Aug. 2025 from https://oxfordre.com/education/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190264093.001.0001/acrefore-9780190264093-e-403 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190264093.013.403

Tienoven, T.P. van, Glorieux, A., Minnen, J., Spruyt, B. (2024). Caught between academic calling and academic pressure? Working time characteristics, time pressure and time sovereignty predict PhD students’ research engagement. Higher Education, 87(6), 1885–1904. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-023-01096-8

Webb, N.A. et al. (2021). Well-being in French Astrophysics. In: A. Siebert, K. Baillie, E. Lagadec, N. Lagarde, J. Malzac, J.B. Marquette, M. N’Diaye, J. Richard, O. Venot (eds.), SF2A-2021: Proceedings of the Annual meeting of the French Society of Astronomy and Astrophysics (pp. 35–40).

White, A. (2024). Polish Cities of Migration: The migration transition in Kalisz, Piła and Płock (Ch. 12: Minority minorities, pp. 265–294). London: UCL Press.

Ysseldyk, R. et al. (2019). A leak in the academic pipeline: Identity and health among postdoctoral Women. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, Article 1297, 1–17. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01297

Zijlstra, J. (2020). Stepwise student migration: A trajectory analysis of Iranians moving from Turkey to Europe and North America. Geographical Research, 58(4), 403–415. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/1745-5871.12434