Keywords
ruminations
early maladaptive schemas
midwifery
questionnaire measurement
How to Cite
Abstract
This paper presents a study on the Polish version of the English-language scale for measuring postpartum anxiety experienced by women. It is called the Postpartum Specific Anxiety Scale – Research Short Form (PSAS-RSF). The work included translating the questionnaire into Polish and assessing its psychometric properties, such as reliability and accuracy, and factor analysis. The study was carried out with 92 midwives residing in the postnatal ward. The women assessed how often they experienced anxiety related to childcare and motherhood during the first year of the infant’s life. The study used the 16-item PSAS-RSF questionnaire, which has four subscales. To verify the external validity of the tool, the relationship of postnatal anxiety with transdiagnostic psychological constructs such as ruminations and early childhood maladaptive schemas was examined. The results suggest significant associations between postpartum anxiety and ruminations and early childhood maladaptive schemas. It was noted that women who gave birth for the second time reported lower levels of postpartum anxiety than those who gave birth for the first time. It was observed that women who gave birth for the second time declared lower levels of postpartum anxiety than those who gave birth for the first time. The conclusion is that the Polish abbreviated Postnatal Anxiety Scale (SLP-16) version has satisfactory psychometric properties. It consists of two subscales, caregiving anxiety and maternal maladaptation, and can be successfully used to measure postpartum anxiety in research and screening studies.
References
Austin, M.-P. (2004). Antenatal screening and early intervention for ”perinatal” distress, depression and anxiety: where to from here? Archives of Women’s Mental Health, 7(1), 1–6. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00737-003-0034-4
Barker, E. D., Jaffee, S. R., Uher, R. i Maughan, B. (2011). The contribution of prenatal and postnatal maternal anxiety and depression to child maladjustment. Depression and Anxiety, 28(8), 696–702. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/da.20856
Beck, A.T., Epstein, N., Brown, G., Steer, R.A. (1988). An Inventory for Measuring Clinical Anxiety: Psychometric Properties. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 56(6), 893–897. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-006X.56.6.893
Beck, A.T., Steer, R.A., Brown, G.K. (1987). Beck Depression Inventory. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.
Beck, C.T., Gable, R.K., Sakala, C., Declercq, E.R. (2011). Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in New Mothers: Results from a Two-Stage U.S. National Survey. Birth, 38(3), 216–227. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-536X.2011.00475.x
Berrios, R. (2019). What Is Complex/Emotional About Emotional Complexity? Frontiers in Psychology, 10. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01606
Bledsoe, S.E., Grote, N.K. (2006). Treating Depression During Pregnancy and the Postpartum: A Preliminary Meta-analysis. Research on Social Work Practice, 16(2), 109–120. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1049731505282202
Buist, A., Gotman, N., Yonkers, K.A. (2011). Generalized Anxiety Disorder: Course and Risk Factors in Pregnancy. Journal of Affective Disorders, 131(1–3), 277–283. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2011.01.003
Byrnes, L. (2018). Perinatal Mood and Anxiety Disorders. The Journal for Nurse Practitioners, 14(7), 507–513. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nurpra.2018.03.010
Carlucci, L., D’Ambrosio, I., Innamorati, M., Saggino, A., Balsamo, M. (2018). Co-rumination, Anxiety, and Maladaptive Cognitive Schemas: When Friendship Can Hurt. Psychology Research and Behavior Management, 11, 133–144. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2147/PRBM.S144907
Cena, L., Gigantesco, A., Mirabella, F., Palumbo, G., Trainini, A., Stefana, A. (2021). Prevalence of Maternal Postnatal Anxiety and Its Association with Demographic and Socioeconomic Factors: A Multicentre Study in Italy. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 12, 737666. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.737666
Cox, J.L., Holden, J.M., Sagovsky, R. (1987). Detection of Postnatal Depression: Development of the 10-item Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale. The British Journal of Psychiatry: The Journal of Mental Science, 150, 782–786. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.150.6.782
Davies, S.M., Christiansen, P., Harrold, J.A., Silverio, S.A., Fallon, V. (2021). Creation and Validation of the Postpartum Specific Anxiety Scale Research Short-Form (PSAS-RSF). Archives of Women’s Mental Health. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00737-021-01114-7
Dennis, C.-L., Brown, H.K., Falah-Hassani, K., Marini, F.C., Vigod, S.N. (2017). Identifying Women at Risk for Sustained Postpartum Anxiety. Journal of Affective Disorders, 213, 131–137. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2017.02.013
Dennis, C.L., Coghlan, M., Vigod, S. (2013). Can we Identify Mothers at-risk for Postpartum Anxiety in the Immediate Postpartum Period Using the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory? Journal of Affective Disorders, 150(3), 1217–1220. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2013.05.049
Dennis, C.-L., Falah-Hassani, K., Shiri, R. (2017). Prevalence of Antenatal and Postnatal Anxiety: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. British Journal of Psychiatry, 210(05), 315–323. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.116.187179
Fallon, V., Halford, J.C.G., Bennett, K.M., Harrold, J.A. (2016). The Postpartum Specific Anxiety Scale: Development and Preliminary Validation. Archives of Women’s Mental Health, 19(6), 1079–1090. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00737-016-0658-9
Feldman, R., Granat, A., Pariente, C., Kanety, H., Kuint, J., Gilboa-Schechtman, E. (2009). Maternal Depression and Anxiety Across the Postpartum Year and Infant Social Engagement, Fear Regulation, and Stress Reactivity. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 48(9), 919–927. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/CHI.0b013e3181b21651
Field, T.M. (1995). Psychologically Depressed Parents. W: M.H. Bornstein (red.), Handbook of Parenting, t. 4: Applied and Practical Parenting (ss. 85–99). Mahwah, NJ–London: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers.
Finlayson, K., Crossland, N., Bonet, M., Downe, S. (2020). What Matters to Women in the Postnatal Period: A Meta-synthesis of Qualitative Studies. PLOS ONE, 15(4), e0231415. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0231415
Fisher, J., Cabral de Mello, M., Patel, V., Rahman, A., Tran, T., Holton, S., Holmes, W. (2011). Prevalence and Determinants of Common Perinatal Mental Disorders in Women in Low- and Lower-middle-income Countries: A Systematic Review. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 90(2), 139–149H. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2471/BLT.11.091850
Fresco, D.M., Frankel, A.N., Mennin, D.S., Turk, C.L., Heimberg, R.G. (2002). Distinct and Overlapping Features of Rumination and Worry: The Relationship of Cognitive Production to Negative Affective States. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 26(2), 179–188. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1014517718949
Gaboury, J., Capaday, S., Somera, J., Purden, M. (2017). Effect of the Postpartum Hospital Environment on the Attainment of Mothers’ and Fathers’ Goals. Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic & Neonatal Nursing, 46(1), 40–50. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jogn.2016.08.008
Goodman, J.H., Watson, G.R., Stubbs, B. (2016). Anxiety Disorders in Postpartum Women: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Journal of Affective Disorders, 203, 292–331. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2016.05.033
Harrington, J.A., Blankenship, V. (2002). Ruminative Thoughts and Their Relation to Depression and Anxiety. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 32(3), 465–485. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.2002.tb00225.x
Heron, J., O’Connor, T.G., Evans, J., Golding, J., Glover, V. (2004). The Course of Anxiety and Depression Through Pregnancy and the Postpartum in a Community Sample. Journal of Affective Disorders, 80(1), 65–73. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2003.08.004
Howard, L.M., Molyneaux, E., Dennis, C.-L., Rochat, T., Stein, A., Milgrom, J. (2014). Non-psychotic Mental Disorders in the Perinatal Period. The Lancet, 384(9956), 1775–1788. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61276-9
Huizink, A.C., Mulder, E.J.H., Robles de Medina, P.G. Visser, G.H.A., Buitelaar, J.K. (2004). Is Pregnancy Anxiety a Distinctive Syndrome? Early Human Development, 79(2), 81–91. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2004.04.014
Jasielska, A., Wojciechowska, M. (2023). Wczesne dezadaptacyjne schematy oraz ruminacje jako predyktory lęku poporodowego u położnic. III Ogólnopolska Konferencja Parentologiczna „Współczesne rodzicielstwo – dylematy i wyzwania”, 21–22 czerwca 2023 r., Poznań.
Javadifar, N., Majlesi, F., Nikbakht, A., Nedjat, S., Montazeri, A. (2016). Journey to Motherhood in the First Year After Child Birth. Journal of Family & Reproductive Health, 10(3), 146–153.
Kurth, E., Kennedy, H.P., Zemp Stutz, E., Kesselring, A., Fornaro, I., Spichiger, E. (2014). Responding to a Crying Infant – You do not learn it overnight: A Phenomenological Study. Midwifery, 30(6), 742–749. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.midw.2013.06.017
Martin, P.R., Negri, L.M. (1999). Treating Postnatal Depression: A Psychological Approach for Health Care Practitioners. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Matthey, S. (2008). Using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale to Screen for Anxiety Disorders. Depression & Anxiety, 25(11), 926–931. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/da.20415
Matthey, S., Barnett, B., Howie, P., Kavanagh, D.J. (2003). Diagnosing Postpartum Depression in Mothers and Fathers: Whatever Happened to Anxiety? Journal of Affect Disorder, 74(2), 139–147. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0165-0327(02)00012-5
Matthey, S., Fisher, J., Rowe, H. (2013). Using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale to Screen for Anxiety Disorders: Conceptual and Methodological Considerations. Journal of Affective Disorder, 146(2), 224–230. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2012.09.009
MacCallum, R.C., Widaman, K.F., Zhang, S., Hong, S. (1999). Sample Size in Factor Analysis. Psychological Methods, 4(1), 84–99. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037//1082-989X.4.1.84
McLaughlin, K.A., Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2011). Rumination as a Transdiagnostic Factor in Depression and Anxiety. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 49(3), 186–193. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2010.12.006
Mellings, T.M., Alden, L.E. (2000). Cognitive Processes in Social Anxiety: The Effects of Self-focus, Rumination and Anticipatory Processing. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 38(3), 243–257. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7967(99)00040-6
Merle-Fishman, C. (2010). An Integrative Psychotherapy of Postpartum Adjustment. International Journal of Integrative Psychotherapy, 1(2), 29–47.
Molnár, J., Kósa, K., Fekete, Z., Münnich, Á. (2018). Postpartum Anxiety and Intrapsychic Vulnerability Reflected by Early Maladaptive Schemas. European Journal of Mental Health, 13(1), 70–81. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5708/EJMH.13.2018.1.6
Moran, T.E., Polanin, J.R., Wenzel, A. (2014). The Postpartum Worry Scale-revised: An Initial Validation of a Measure of Postpartum Worry. Archives Women’s Mental Health, 17, 41–48. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00737-013-0380-9
Nolen-Hoeksema, S., Morrow, J. (1991). A Prospective Study of Depression and Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms After a Natural Disaster: The 1989 Loma Prieta Earthquake. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61(1), 115–121. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.61.1.115
Oettingen, J., Chodkiewicz, J., Mącik, D., Gruszczyńska, E. (2018). Polska adaptacja i walidacja krótkiej wersji Kwestionariusza Schematów Younga (YSQ-S3-PL). Psychiatria Polska, 52(4), 707–718. DOI: https://doi.org/10.12740/PP/OnlineFirst/76541
O’Carroll, J., Kazuo, A.N.D.O., Romy, Y.U.N., Panelli, D., Nicklin, A., Kennedy, N., …, Sultan, P. (2023). A Systematic Review of Patient-reported Outcome Measures Used in Maternal Postpartum Anxiety. American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology MFM, 101076. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajogmf.2023.101076
Paul, I.M., Downs, D.S., Schaefer, E.W., Beiler, J.S., Weisman, C.S. (2013). Postpartum Anxiety and Maternal–Infant Health Outcomes. Pediatrics, 131, e1218–e1224. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2012-2147
Phillips, J., Sharpe, L., Matthey, S., Charles, M. (2009). Maternally Focused Worry. Archives Women’s Mental Health, 12, 409–418. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00737-009-0091-4
Radoń, S. (2014). Kwestionariusz Ruminacji-Refleksyjności (polska adaptacja The Rumination-Reflection Questionnaire). Psychoterapia, 2(169), 61–72.
Reck, C., Müller, M., Tietz, A., Möhler, E. (2013). Infant Distress to Novelty is Associated with Maternal Anxiety Disorder and Especially with Maternal Avoidance Behavior. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 27(4), 404–412. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2013.03.009
Roediger, E., Stevens, B.A., Brockman, R. (2021). Kontekstualna terapia schematów. Integracyjne podejście do zaburzeń osobowości, dysregulacji emocjonalnej i funkcjonowania w relacjach. Gdańsk: Gdańskie Wydawnictwo Psychologiczne.
Ross, L.E., Gilbert Evans, S.E., Sellers, E.M., Romach, M.K. (2003). Measurement Issues in Postpartum Depression part 1: Anxiety as a feature of postpartum depression. Archives of Women’s Mental Health, 6(1), 51–57. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00737-002-0155-1
Rowe, H.J., Calcagni, S.C., Galgut, S., Michelmore, J., Fisher, J.R.W. (2014). Self-management of Mild to Moderate Anxiety in Women Who Have Recently Given Birth: Development and Acceptability of a Theoretically Sound Complex Intervention. International Journal of Mental Health Promotion, 16(5), 308–319. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14623730.2014.964050
Rubin, R. (1984). Maternal Identity and the Maternal Experience. New York: Springer. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/00000446-198412000-00030
Russell, E.J., Fawcett, J.M., Mazmanian, D. (2013). Risk of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder in Pregnant and Postpartum Women. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 74(04), 377–385. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4088/JCP.12r07917
Sagan, A. (2003). Model pomiarowy satysfakcji i lojalności. Kraków: StatSoft Polska.
Slomian, J., Emonts, P., Vigneron, L., Acconcia, A., Glowacz, F., Reginster, J.Y., Oumourgh, M., Bruyère, O. (2017). Identifying Maternal Needs Following Childbirth: A Qualitative Study Among Mothers, Fathers and Professionals. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 17(1). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-017-1398-1
Sołtysiak, K. (2023). Wybrane uwarunkowania lęku poporodowego u kobiet. Niepublikowana praca magisterska, Wydział Psychologii i Kognitywistyki UAM, Poznań.
Somerville, S., Dedman, K., Hagan, R., Oxnam, E., Wettinger, M., Byrne, S., Coo, S., Doherty, D., Page, A.C. (2014). The Perinatal Anxiety Screening Scale: Development and Preliminary Validation. Archives of Women’s Mental Health, 17, 443–454. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00737-014-0425-8
Spielberger, C.D., Gorsuch, R.L., Lushene, R.E. (1970). STAI Manual for the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. Palo Alto: Consulting Psychologists Press.
Stuart, S., Couser, G., Schilder, K., O’Haran, M.W., Gorman, L. (1998). Postpartum Anxiety and Depression: Onset and Comorbidity in a Community Sample. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 186, 420–424. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/00005053-199807000-00006
Taylor, J., Johnson, M. (2013). The Role of Anxiety and Other Factors in Predicting Postnatal Fatigue: From Birth to 6 Months. Midwifery, 29(5), 526–534. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.midw.2012.04.011
Tuohy, A., McVey, C. (2008). Subscales Measuring Symptoms of Non-specific Depression, Anhedonia, and Anxiety in the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale. The British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 47(2), 153–169. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8260.2008.tb00463.x
Trapnell, P.D., Campbell, J.D. (1999). Private Self-consciousness and the Five-factor Model of Personality: Distinguishing Rumination from Reflection. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76(2), 284–304. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.76.2.284
Vesga-López, O., Blanco, C., Keyes, K., Olfson, M., Grant, B.F., Hasin, D.S. (2008). Psychiatric Disorders in Pregnant and Postpartum Women in the United States. Archives of General Psychiatry, 65(7), 805–815. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.65.7.805
Wardrop, A.A., Popadiuk, N.E. (2013). Women’s Experiences with Postpartum Anxiety: Expectations, Relationships, and Sociocultural Influences. The Qualitative Report, 18(3), 1–24.
Wenzel, A., Haugen, E.N., Jackson, L.C., Brendle, J.R. (2005). Anxiety Symptoms and Disorders at Eight Weeks Postpartum. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 19(3), 295–311. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2004.04.001
WHO (2016). Gender and Women’s Mental Health. World Health Organization.
WHO (2022). WHO recommendations on maternal and newborn care for a positive postnatal experience. World Health Organization.
Young, J. (2005). Young Schema Questionnaire – Short Form 3 (YSQ-S3). New York: Cognitive Therapy Center. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/t67023-000
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Aleksandra Jasielska, Małgorzata Wojciechowska, Renata Anna Maksymiuk
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
1. W momencie złożenia pracy celem rozpoczęcia postępowania w sprawie publikacji, Licencjodawca, zwany dalej Autorem, akceptuje wszystkie zasady umieszczone na stronie internetowej czasopisma “Człowiek i Społeczeństwo”, udzielając Licencjobiorcy, zwanego dalej Wydawcą, niewyłącznej i nieodpłatnej licencji na korzystanie z Utworu. Licencja zakłada tym samym brak ograniczeń terytorialnych, czasowych oraz ilościowych na następujących polach eksploatacji (art. 50 ustawy z dnia 4 lutego 1994 r. o prawie autorskim i prawach pokrewnych):
a. utrwalanie Utworu;
b. zwielokrotnienie Utworu drukiem i w wersji cyfrowej;
c. wprowadzenie do obrotu, użyczenie lub najem oryginału/zwielokrotnionych egzemplarzy Utworu;
d. publiczne wykonanie, wystawienie, wyświetlenie, odtworzenie oraz nadawanie i reemitowanie, a także publiczne udostępnianie Utworu w taki sposób, aby każdy mógł mieć do niego dostęp w miejscu i w czasie przez siebie wybranym;
e. włączenie Utworu w skład utworu zbiorowego;
f. wprowadzenie Utworu w postaci elektronicznej na platformy elektroniczne lub inne wprowadzenie Utworu w postaci elektronicznej do Internetu, Intranetu, Extranetu lub innej sieci;
g. rozpowszechnianie Utworu w wersji elektronicznej w Internecie, Intranecie, Extranecie lub innej sieci, w pracy zbiorowej, a także samodzielnie w formule Open Access w oparciu o licencję Creative Commons Uznanie autorstwa 4.0 Międzynarodowa Licencja Publiczna (CC BY 4.0), a także inną wersję językową tej licencji, lub którąkolwiek późniejszą wersję tej licencji.
2. Założenia licencji Creative Commons Uznanie autorstwa 4.0 Międzynarodowa Licencja Publiczna (CC BY 4.0), udzielają Wydawcy upoważnienia do kopiowania, zmieniania, rozprowadzania, przedstawiania i wykonywania Utworu jedynie pod warunkiem uznania autorstwa.
3. Wraz z dostarczeniem Utworu, Autor zobowiązuje się do wypełnienia, podpisania oraz odesłania skanu umowy