Abstrakt
The aim of the article is to verify, using the example of Tutankhamun’s iron dagger, how easily incorrect information can be disseminated in mass culture. This artefact has been repeatedly subjected to physicochemical analyses, yielding increasingly more precise data. In this article I will present the most important results of these studies to show the current state of knowledge on this subject. An important part of the knowledge about this artefact are also the hypotheses related to determining its origin. Outlining them will highlight the most important problems that still exist and dispel doubts and inconsistencies that often appear on the Internet. Implementation of the above assumptions will provide valuable information, contrasting it with catchy headlines appearing on the Internet.
Bibliografia
Bebermeier, W., Brumlich, M., Cordani, V., de Vincenzo, S., Eilbracht, H., Klinger, J., Knitter, D., Lehnhardt, E., Meyer, M., Schmid, S. G., Schütt, B., Thelemann, M., Wemhoff, M. (2016). The coming of iron in a comparative perspective. eTopoi. Journal of Ancient Studies, 6, 152–189.
Bjorkman, J. K. (1973). Meteors and meteorites in the ancient Near East. Meteoritics, 8, 91–130. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1945-5100.1973.tb00146.x
Broschat, K., Ströbele, F., Koeberl, Ch., Eckmann, Ch., Mertah, E. (2018). Himmilisch! Die Eisenobjekte aus dem Grab des Tutanchamun. Mainz: Verlag des Römisch-Germanischen Zentralmuseums.
Broschat, K., Ströbele, F., Koeberl, Ch., Eckmann, Ch., Mertah, E. (2022). Iron form Tutankhamun’s Tomb. Cairo: The American University in Cairo Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv2xn164f
Buchwald, V. F. (1975). Handbook of Iron Meteorites. Their History, Distribution, Composition, and Structure, t. 1–3, Arizona – Berkeley: State University Center for Meteorite Studies and University of California Press.
Buchwald, V. F. (1992). On the use of iron by the Eskimos in Greenland. Materials Charakterization, 29(2), 139–176. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/1044-5803(92)90112-U
Buchwald, V. F. (2005). Iron and Steel in Ancient Times. Copenhagen: Det Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskab.
Carter, H. (1927). The Tomb of Tut-Ankh-Amen. Discovered by the Late Earl of Carnarvon and Howard Carter, t. 2. London: Cassel & Company, LTD.
Carter, H. (1933). The Tomb of Tut-Ankh-Amen. Discovered by the Late Earl of Carnarvon and Howard Carter, t. 3. London: Cassel & Company, LTD.
Comelli, D., D’Orazio, M. (2016). The meteoritic origin of Tutankhamun’s iron dagger. Meteoritics & Planetary Science, 51(7), 301–1309. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/maps.12664
Eaton-Krauss, M. (2016). Tutankhamun’s iron dagger made from a meteorite? KMT – A Modern Journal of Ancient Egypt, 27(3), 30–32.
Grossman, J. N., Zipfel, J. (2001). The meteoritical bulletin No. 85. Meteoritics & Planetary Science, 36, A293–A322. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1945-5100.2001.tb01542.x
Haak, H., McCoy, T. J. (2003). Iron and stony-iron meteorites. W: A. M. Davis, H. D. Holland (red.), Treatise on Geochemistry: Meteorites, Comets and Planets, t. 1. (s. 325–345). Oxford: Elsevier Science. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B0-08-043751-6/01174-9
Habashi, F. (1998). Meteorites: history, mineralogy and metallurgy. Interdisciplinary Science Reviews, 23(1), 71–81. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1179/isr.1998.23.1.71
Helmi, F., Barakat, K. (1995). Microanalysis of Tutankhamun’s dagger. W: F. A. Esmael (red.), Proceedings of the First International Conference on Ancient Egyptian Mining & Metallurgy and Conservation of Metallic Artifacts (s. 287–289). Cairo: Ministry of Culture, Supreme Council of Antiquities.
Hurnik B., Hurnik, H. (2005). Materia kosmiczna na ziemi, jej źródła i ewolucja. Poznań: Wydawnictwo Naukowe UAM.
Jambon, A. (2023). A comment to “The manufacture and origin of the Tutankhamun meteoritic iron dagger” by Matsui et al. Meteoritics & Planetary Science, 58, 165–168. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/maps.13942
Johnson, D., Tyldesley, J. (2016). Iron from the sky. W: C. Price, R. Forshaw, A. Chamberlain, P. T. Nicholson (red.), Mummies, Magic and Medicine (s. 408–423). Manchester: Manchester University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7765/9781784997502.00046
Maddin, R. (1975). Early iron metallurgy in the Near East. Transactions of the Iron and Steel Institute of Japan, 15(20), 59–68. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2355/isijinternational1966.15.59
Manecki, A. (2010). Meteoryty. Oblicza gości z kosmosu. Olszanica: BOSZ.
Matsui, T., Moriwaki, R., Zidan, E., Arai, T. (2022). The manufacture and origin of the Tutankhamen meteoritic iron dagger. Meteoritics & Planetary Science, 57(4), 747–758. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/maps.13787
McNutt, P. M. (1990). The Forging of Israel. Iron Technology, Symbolism and Tradition in Ancient Society. Sheffield: The Almond Press, The Sheffield Academic Press.
Menéndez, G. (2015). Foreigners in Deir el-Medina during the 18th and 19th Dynasties. W: P. Kousoulis, N. Lazaridis (red.), Proceedings of the Tenth International Congress of Egyptologists, University of the Aegean, Rhodos 22–29 May 2008 (s. 791–804). Leuven – Paris – Bristol: PEETERS.
Moran, W. L. (1992). The Amarna Letters. Baltimore and London: The John Hopkins University Press.
Napierała, M. (2021). Żelazo meteorytowe w starożytnym Egipcie przed Okresem Późnym. Folia Praehistorica Posnaniensia, 26, 241–279. DOI: https://doi.org/10.14746/fpp.2021.26.09
Napierała, M. (2022). Wykorzystanie żelaza w starożytnym Egipcie do początku Okresu Późnego. Folia Praehistorica Posnaniensia, 27, 131–161. DOI: https://doi.org/10.14746/fpp.2022.27.07
Napierała, M. (2023). Przełom VII w. p.n.e. w metalurgii żelaza w starożytnym Egipcie. Folia Praehistorica Posnaniensia, 28, 273–297. DOI: https://doi.org/10.14746/fpp.2023.28.12
Novák, M. (2007). Mittani Empire and the question of absolute chronology: some archaeological considerations. W: M. Bietak, E. Czerny (red.), The Synchronisation of Civilisations in the Eastern Mediterranean in the Second Millennium B.C., III. Proceedings of the SCIEM 2000 – 2nd Euro Conference (s. 389–401). Wien: Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften.
Odler, M. (2013). Book review: Den Dolch betreffend. Typologie der Stichwaffen in Ägypten von der prädynastischen Zeit bis zur 3. Zwischenzeit. Oriental Archive, 81, 357–359.
Odler, M. (2021). Book Review: Himmlisch! Die Eisenobjekte aus dem Grab des Tutanchamun. The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology, 107, 305–306. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/03075133211043888
Ogden, J. (2000). Metals. W: P. Nicholson, I. Shaw (red.), Ancient Egyptian Materials and Technology (s. 148–176). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Pack, A., Kryza, R, Karwowski, Ł., Muszyński, A., Słaby, E., Raith, M., Jakieła, R. (2012). Badania izotopowe wybranych minerałów meteorytu Morasko: wstępne wyniki. W: A. Muszyński, R. Kryza, Ł. Karwowski, A. S. Pilski, J. Muszyńska (red.), Morasko – największy deszcz meteorytów żelaznych w Europie Środowej (s. 58–63). Poznań: Bogucki Wydawnictwo Naukowe.
Petschel, S. (2011). Den Dolch betreffend: Typologie der Stichwaffen in Ägypten von der prädynastischen Zeit bis zur 3. Zwischenzeit, Philippika 36, Wiesbaden: Harrasowitz Verlag.
Plainer, R. (2000). Iron in Archaeology: The European Bloomery Smelters. Praha: Archeologický ústav AVČR.
Rainey, A. F. (2015). The El Amarna Correspondence. A New Edition of the Cuneiform Letters from the Site of El-Amarna based on Collations of a Extant Tablet, t. 1. Leiden – Boston: Brill. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004281547
Sassoon H. (1963). Early sources of iron in Africa. The South African Archaeological Bulletin, 18(72), 176–180. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/3886451
Sinclair, A. (2022). Outlooks on the International Koiné Style: Hybrid Visual Idiom from New Kingdom Elite Iconography. Heidelberg: Propylaeum.
Valloggia, M. (2001). La Maitrise du Fer en Egypte. Entre Traditions indigenes et Importations. Mediterranean Archaeology, 14, 195–204.
Woźniak M. (2021). Meteoryty żelazne – klasyfikacja w obrazach. Acta Societatis Metheoriticae Polonorum, 12, 149–216.
Licencja
Prawa autorskie (c) 2025 Mateusz Napierała

Utwór dostępny jest na licencji Creative Commons Uznanie autorstwa 4.0 Międzynarodowe.
