Abstract
This article explores the Paleolithic era through the lens of art and memory. Specifically, it focuses on the memory category, particularly the memory trace/ engram, to better understand the role that Paleolithic art may have played for communities during that time. Paleolithic art can be seen as a kind of memory trace, carrying information and knowledge about behaviors and actions that were transmitted through it. The deliberate placement of images in an external environment was a significant milestone in the cultural and social evolution of hominids.
References
Bednarik, R. G. (1997). The global evidence of early human symboling behavior. Human Evolution, 12, 147‒168. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02438065
Bednarik, R. G. (1998). The ‘australopithecine’ cobble from Makapansgat, South Africa. South African Archaeological Bulletin, 53, 4‒8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/3889256
Bednarik, R. G. (2003). The earliest evidence of palaeoart. Rock Art Research, 20, 89–135.
Bednarik, R. G. (2014). Exograms. Rock Art Research, 31(1), 47‒62.
Bednarik, R. G. (2017). Palaeoart of the Ice Age. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
Bednarik, R. G. (2018). The dawn of exograms. Paper presented in the symposium The dawn of art-like productions and behaviors. Turin: NeanderART2018 International Conference.
Carruthers, M. (1990). The book of memory. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Carruthers, M. (1998). The craft of thought. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Carruthers, M., Ziółkowski J. (2002). General introduction. W: M. Carruthers, J. Ziółkowski (red.), The medieval craft of memory: an anthology of texts and pictures (s. 1‒31). Philadelphia: Pennsylvania University Press.
Christian, K. M., Thompson, R. F. (2005). Long-term storage of an associative memory trace in the cerebellum. Behavioral Neuroscience, 119, 256–537. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0735-7044.119.2.526
Conard, N. J. (2003). Palaeolithic ivory sculptures from southwestern Germany and the origins of figurative art. Nature, 426, 830‒832. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nature02186
Cook, J. (2013). Ice Age art. Arrival of the modern mind. Londyn: British Museum Press.
de Lumley, H. (1966). Les fouilles de Terra Amata à Nice. Premiers résultats. Bulletin du Musée d’Anthropologie Préhistorique de Monaco, 13, 29‒51.
d’Errico, F., García Moreno, R., Rifkin, R. F. (2012). Technological, elemental and colorimetric analysis of an engraved ochre fragment from the Middle Stone Age levels of Klasies River Cave 1, South Africa. Journal of Archaeological Science, 39, 942–952. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2011.10.032
Domżał, T. M. (2013). Pamięć w neurologii: zaburzenia, diagnostyka i leczenie. Forum Medycyny Rodzinnej, 7(4), 155‒164.
Donald, M. W. (1991). Origins of the Modern Mind: Three Stages in the Evolution of Culture and Cognition. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Donald, M. W. (2010). The exographic revolution: Neuropsychological sequelae. W: L. Malafouris, C. Renfrew (red.), The cognitive life of things: Recasting the boundaries of the mind (s. 71–79). McDonald Institute Monographs.
Eitzman, W. I. (1958). Reminiscences of Makapansgat Limeworks and its Bone-breccial Layers. South African Journal of Science, 54, 177‒182.
Goody, J. (1977). The domestication of the savage mind. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Gregory, R. L. (1970). The intelligent eye. Londyn: Weidenfeld and Nicolson.
Henshilwood, C. S. (2012). Late Pleistocene Techno-traditions in Southern Africa: A Review of the Still Bay and Howiesons Poort, c. 75–59 ka. World Prehistory, 25, 205‒237. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10963-012-9060-3
Henshilwood, C. S., d’Errico, F. (2011). Middle Stone Age engravings and their significance to the debate on the emergence of symbolic material culture. W: C. S. Henshilwood, F. d’Errico (red.), Homo symbolicus. The dawn of language, imagination and spirituality, (s. 75‒96). Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publ. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1075/z.168.04hen
Hoffmann, D. L, Standish, C. D., García-Diez, M., Pettitt, P. B., Milton, J. A., Zilhão, J., Alcolea-González, J. J., Cantalejo-Duarte, P., Collado, H., de Balbín, R., Lorblanchet, M., Ramos-Muðoz, J., Weniger, G. Ch., Pike, A. W. G. (2018). U-Th dating of carbonate crusts reveals Neandertal origin of Iberian cave art. Science, 359, 912‒915. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aap7778
Joordens, J., d`Errico, F., Wesselingh, F., Munro, S. (2014). Homo Erectus at Trinil on Java Used Shells for Tool Production and Engraving. Nature, 518, 228‒230. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nature13962
Krzak, Z. (2007). Od matriarchatu po patriarchat. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo TRIO.
Lashley, K. S. (1923a). The behavioristic interpretation of consciousness. Psychological Review, 30, 237–353. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/h0067016
Lashley, K. S. (1923b). Temporal variation in the function of the gyrus precentralis in primates. American Journal of Physiology, 65, 585–602. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1152/ajplegacy.1923.65.3.585
Lashley, K. S. (1924). The theory that synaptic resistance is reduced by the passage of the nerve impulse. Psychological Review, 31, 369–375. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/h0070668
Lashley, K. S. (1930). Brain mechanisms and intelligence. Psychological Review, 37, 1–24. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/h0074134
Lashley, K. S. (1932). Studies in the dynamics of behavior. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Lashley, K. S. (1935). The mechanism of vision, Part 12: Nervous structures concerned in the acquisition and retention of habits based on reactions to light. Comparative Psychology Monographs, 11, 43–79.
Lashley, K. S. (1943). Studies of cerebral function in learning: loss of the maze habit after occipital lesions in blind rats. Journal of Comparative Neurology, 79(3), 431–462. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.900790309
Lashley, K. S. (1950). In search of the engram. W: F. Beach, D. O. Hebb, C. Morgan, H. Nissen (red.), The Neuropsychology of Lashley (s. 338–44). Nowy Jork: McGraw Hill.
Longstaff, A. (2012). Krótkie wykłady. Neurobiologia. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN.
Marshack, A. (1981). On Paleolithic ochre and the early uses of color and symbol. Current Anthropology, 22, 188‒191. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/202650
Marshack, A. (1997). The Berekhat Ram Figurine: A Late Acheulian Carving from the Middle East. Antiquity, 71, 272‒327. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003598X00084957
Mocochain, L., Jaillet, S. (2014). The Lower Ardèche River Karst Landscapes and Caves (Lower Rhône Valley): Unique Morphologies Induced by the Messinian Salinity Crisis. W: M. Fort, M. F. André (red.), Landscapes and Landforms of France. Nowy Jork ‒ Londyn: Springer. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-7022-5_19
Napiórkowski, M. (2018). Epidemia pamięci. W: P. Majewski, M. Napiórkowski (red.), Antropologiaskiego. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31338/uw.9788323533627.pp.15-40
Niewiadomska, G. (1997). W poszukiwaniu molekularnych mechanizmów pamięci. W: T. Górska,
A. Grabowska, J. Zagrodzka (red.), Mózg a zachowanie. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN.
Ogden, C. K., Richards, I. A. (1956). The meaning of meaning: a study of the influence of language upon thought and of the science of symbolism. Nowy Jork: Harcourt, Brace.
Penfield, W. (1952). Memory mechanisms. AMA Archives of Neurology and Psychiatry, 67, 178‒198. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1001/archneurpsyc.1952.02320140046005
Penfield, W. (1954). The permanent records of the stream of consciousness. Acta Physiologica, 11, 47‒69. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0001-6918(55)80063-7
Płonka, T., Wiśniewski, A., Marciszak, A., Ziółkowski, G., Lipecki, G., Diakowski, M., Serwatka, K. (2024). A Middle Palaeolithic incised bear bone from the Dziadowa Skała Cave, Poland: the oldest marked object north of the Carpathian Mountains. Journal of Archaeological Science, 166. Pobrano z: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0305440324000372 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2024.105971
Pöyhönen (2016). Memory as a cognitive kind: Brains, remembering dyads, and exograms. W: S. Pöyhönen (red.), Natural Kinds and Classification in Scientific Practice (s. 145–156). Londyn: Pickering & Chatto.
Reimanis, R. (2017). Semiotic Exograms: Extending the Mind Fully. Res Cogitans, 8, 9‒19. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7710/2155-4838.1162
Roebroeks, W., Sier, M. J., Nielsen, T. K., de Loecker, D., Parés, J. M., Arps, C. E. S., Mücher, H. J. (2012). Use of red ochre by early Neandertals. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 109, 1889‒1894. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1112261109
Semon, R. (1921). The mneme. Londyn: George Allen & Unwin.
Steinmetz, J. E., Logan, C. G., Rosen, D. J., Thompson, J. K., Lavond, D. G., Thompson, R. F. (1987). Initial localization of the acoustic conditioned stimulus projection system to the cerebellum essential for classical eyelid conditioning. Proceedings of the National Academy of the Sciences, U.S.A, 84, 3531–3535. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.84.10.3531
Steinmetz, J. E., Thompson, R. F. (1991). Brain substrates of aversive classical conditioning. W: J. Madden (red.), Neurobiology of learning, emotion and affect (s. 97–120). Nowy Jork: Raven Press.
Steinmetz, J. E., Lavond, D. G., Ivkovich, D., Logan, C. G., Thompson, R. F. (1992). Disruption of classical eyelid conditioning after cerebellar lesions: damage to a memory trace system or a simple performance deficit? Journal of Neuroscience, 12, 4403–4426. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.12-11-04403.1992
Sutton, J. (2010). Exograms and Interdisciplinarity: History, the Extended Mind, and the Civilizing Process. W: R. Menary (red.), The Extended Mind (s. 189‒225). Cambridge: The MIT Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/9780262014038.003.0009
Talamo, S., Nowaczewska, W., Picin A., Vazzana, A., Binkowski, M., Cercatillo, S., Diakowski, M., Fewlass, H., Marciszak, A. (2021). A 41,500 year-old decorated ivory pendant from Stajnia Cave (Poland). Scientific Reports, 11. Pobrano z: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-01221 6 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-01221-6
Thompson, R. F. (1967). Foundations of physiological psychology. Nowy Jork: Harper & Row.
Thompson, R. F. (1986). The neurobiology of learning and memory. Science, 233, 941–947. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.3738519
Thompson, R. F. (1990). Neural mechanisms of classical conditioning in mammals. Philosophical Transactions. Royal Society of London, B 329, 161–170. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.1990.0161
Thompson, R. F., Berger, T. W., Cegavske, C. F., Patterson, M. M., Roemer, R. A., Teyler, T. J., Young, R. A. (1976). The search for the engram. American Psychologist, 31, 209–227. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037//0003-066X.31.3.209
Thévenin, A. (1976). Les civilisations du paléolithique intérieur en Alsace. W: H. de Lumley (red.), Le préhistoire française, t. 1: Les civilisations paléolithiques et m’esolithiques de la France (s. 984‒996). Paryż: Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique.
Watts, I. (2010). The pigments from Pinnacle Point Cave 13B, Western Cape, South Africa. Journal of Human Evolution, 59, 392–411. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhevol.2010.07.006
Vetulani, J. (2014). Mózg: fascynacje, problemy, tajemnice. Kraków: Wydawnictwo Homini.
Zeki, S. (2001). Artistic Creativity and the Brain, Science, 293, 51‒52. EXTERNAL. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1062331
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Patrycja Wagner
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.