Rozwój i zmiany klimatu w polityce zewnętrznej UE na przykładzie Afryki
PDF

Słowa kluczowe

climate change
environmental protection
sustainable development
development policy
EU foreign and external policy
Africa

Jak cytować

Zajączkowski, K. (2015). Rozwój i zmiany klimatu w polityce zewnętrznej UE na przykładzie Afryki. Rocznik Integracji Europejskiej, (9), 399–425. https://doi.org/10.14746/rie.2015.9.24

Abstrakt

The aim of this paper is to present and describe the EU’s policy with regard to environmental protection and countering climate change in Africa, in the context of the broader objective of reducing, or eliminating poverty. It is increasingly accepted that we need an integrated approach to climate change and development; only by linking these issues together can we show the entire complexity of the multidimensional issue of poverty. Global development requires taking into account issues related to susceptibility and adjustment to climate change. The paper seeks to answer the questions of the extent to which climate change is a serious and lasting threat to devel- opment, and about the relations between climate change and development. It presents the role and significance of climate change and environmental protection in EU development policy; it describes the major relevant documents and decisions. The author focuses particularly on discussing the issues of climate change and development in the relations between the EU and Africa, and points out the key challenge related to the implementation of policies combining climate and development. Although there is a general conviction about, and awareness of the interrelation of these two phenomena (processes), still too few of the necessary actions are being taken, and the activities related to development and climate are often approached and executed separately.
https://doi.org/10.14746/rie.2015.9.24
PDF

Bibliografia

ACP - multi-country cooperation - Water (2015), http://ec.europa.eu/europeaid/regions/african-caribbean-and-pacific-acp-region/acp-multi-country-cooperation/acp-eu-water-facility_en, 10.09.2015.

ACP, EU take joint stand on sustainable development at Rio+20, „ACP Press Release” z 21 czerwca 2012 r.

ACP-EC (2006), African, Caribbean and Pacific Group of States and Council of the European Union,

ACPEC Cotonou Agreement: Joint ACP-EUDeclaration on Climate Change and Development (ACP-CE 2108/1/06 REV 1), Brussels, 30.06.2006.

ACP-EU Council of Ministers 37th meeting, Port Vila, 14-15 June 2012, Joint Declaration on Rio+20, Brussels, 15.06.2012 r., 11459/12, PRESSE 271.

AfDB (2012), Solutions fo r a Changing Climate: the African Development Bank’s Response to Impacts in Africa, Tunis: African Development Bank.

Africa Consensus Statement to Rio+20, The Africa Regional Preparatory Conference for the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development (Rio+20), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 25.10.2011, E/ECA/CFSSD/7/Min./3, http://www.uncsd2012.org/content/document/325Final%20Africa%20Consensus%20Statement%20to%20Rio20.pdf, 11.09.2015.

Africa Demands Implementation of Climate Change Pledges At Doha, „AllAfrica” z 5 grudnia2012r.

Africa: Cop18 Ends in New Commitment Period Under Kyoto Protocol, „SAnews.gov.za” z 10 grudnia 2012 r.

Africa: Finance Key in COP18 Talks, „SAnews.gov.za” z 6 grudnia 2012 r.

Africa-EU Partnership (2011), Engaging with Africa on Climate Change, http://ec.europa.eu/clima/events/articles/0043_en.htm, 10.09.2015.

Africa-EU Partnership (2012), EU 8 Million Euro grant to strengthen Africa’s response to climate change, 1.05.2012, http://www.africa-eu-partnership.org/newsroom/all-news/eu-8-million-euro-grant-strengthen-africas-response-climate-change, 10.09.2015.

Africa-EU Partnership (2012a), The road to Rio+20: AU-conference on common African position and cooperation with the EU, 3.04.2012, http://www.africa-eu-partnership.org/newsroom/all-news/road-rio20-au-conference-common-african-position-and-cooperation-eu, 12.09.2015.

African Union (2012), Decisions, Resolution and Declarations, Assembly of the African Union, Eighteenth Ordinary Session, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 29-30 stycznia 2012 r., Assembly/AU/Dec.391-415(XVIII), Assembly/AU/Res.1(XVIII), Assembly/AU/Decl.1-3(XVIII).

AMCEN (2013), Gaborone Declaration on Climate Change and Africa’s Development, Gaborone.

An Africa EU Declaration on Climate Change, 2008.

AU/AMCEN (2009), Africa’s Common Position: Key Political Messages Agreed by African Negotiators, http://www.africaclimatesolution.org/news.php?id=5703, 12.09.2015.

Biodiversity and ecosystem services (2015) https://ec.europa.eu/europeaid/sectors/environment/biodiversity-and-ecosystem-services_en, 10.09.2015.

Carney D. (2002), Sustainable Livelihoods: Approaches, Progress and Possibilities fo r Change, Londyn, DFID (Department for International Development).

ClimAfrica (2015), http://www.climafrica.net/index_en.jsp, 11.09.2015.

Climate Action, http://ec.europa.eu/clima/about-us/mission/index_en.htm, 10.09.2015.

Climate action: Doha conference must lay the foundations fo r the 2015 global climate deal, Brussels, „Press Release” z 23 listopada 2012 r.

CLUVA (2015), http://www.cluva.eu/, 11.09.2015.

Council of the European Union (2011), Council conclusions on EU climate diplomacy, 3106th Foreign Affairs Council Meeting, Brussels, 18.07.2011.

Council of the European Union (2011a), Rio+20: towards achieving sustainable development by greening the economy and improving governance. Council conclusions, Brussels, 11.10.2011.

Council of the European Union (2011b), Council Conclusions Follow-up to the Cancún Conference, 3075th Environment Council meeting, Brussels, 14.03.2011.

Council of the European Union (2011c), Council Conclusions on climate finance, 3115th Economic and Financial Affairs Council meeting, Luxembourg, 4.10.2011.

Council of the European Union (2012), Conclusions on the Preparations for the 18th session of COP 18 to the UNFCCC and the 8th session o f the Meeting o f the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol (CMP 8), (Doha, Qatar, 26 November-7 December 2012), 3194th Environment Council meeting, Luxembourg, 25.10.2012.

Council of the European Union (2012a), Rio+20: Pathways to a Sustainable Future. Council conclusions, 3152th Environment Council meeting, Brussels, 9.03.2012.

Delegation of the European Union to the African Union (2011), Great Green Wall for Sahara and Sahel - Combat desertification, improving food security and climate change adaptation, Addis Abeba, 29.09.2011, http://eeas.europa.eu/delegations/african_union/press_corner/all_news/news/2011/20110929_01_en.htm, 12.09.2015.

Delegation of the European Union to the African Union (2015), http://eeas.europa.eu/delegations/african_union/eu_african_union/development_cooperation/index_en.htm, 12.09.2015.

Delegation of the European Union to the African Union (2015b), http://eeas.europa.eu/delegations/african_union/eu_african_union/development_cooperation/index_en.htm, 12.09.2015.

Drewno i gospodarka drzewna (2010), „Dokument tematyczny”, czerwiec, http://ec.europa.eu/environment/industry/retail/pdf/issue_paper_4/ENV-2012-00378-00-00-PL-TRA-00.pdf, 10.09.2015.

ETTG (2014), European Think Tanks Group, Our collective interest: Why Europe’s problems need global solutions and global problems need European action, September.

EU FLEGT Facility (2015), http://www.euflegt.efi.int/portal/, 12.09.2015.

EU REDD Facility (2015), http://www.euredd.efi.int/portal/the_facility/#.UNeYQeTWgbQ, 10.09.2015.

EU-Africa Ministerial Statement on Climate Change, Brussels, 2.04.2014, http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_STATEMENT-14-97_en.htm, 10.09.2015.

Europe and Former Colonies Urge Action at Rio+20, „Inter Press Service” z 16 czerwca 2012 r.

European Climate Diplomacy (2011), Engaging with Africa on Climate Change. Roundtable Report, Brussels, 14.10.2011, http://ec.europa.eu/clima/events/0043/roundtable_report_en.pdf, 12.09.2015.

European Commission (2009), Communication from the Commission to the Council and the European Parliament, EU Strategy fo r Supporting Disaster Risk Reduction in Developing Countries, Brussels, 23.02.2009, C0M(2009) 84 final.

European Commission (2011), Implementation Plan of theEU Strategy fo r Supporting Disaster Risk Reduction in Developing Countries 2011-2014, Commission Staff Working Document, Brussels, 16.02.2011, SEC(2011) 215 final.

European Court of Auditors (2013), EU climate finance in the context of external aid, Special Report 17.

Fogler J. (2003/2004), The External Environmental Policy of the European Union, „Yearbook of International Co-operation on Environment and Development”.

Fronia M., Snarska M., Tryjanowski P., Szczycinski J. (2010), Zmiany klimatu w polityce rozwojowej - Kopenhaga i co dalej?, „Global Development Research Group Policy Paper”, nr 3.

General Secretariat of the Council (2014a), Fourth EU-Africa Summit, Declaration, Brussels, 2-3 April 2014, http://www.consilium.europa.eu/uedocs/cms_Data/docs/pressdata/en/ec/142096.pdf, 10.09.2015.

General Secretariat of the Council (2014b), Fourth EU-Africa Summit, Roadmap 2014-2017, http://www.consilium.europa.eu/uedocs/cms_Data/docs/pressdata/en/ec/142094.pdf, 10.09.2015.

Global Climate Change Alliance+ (2015), http://www.gcca.eu/intra-acp/climate-for-development-in-africa-climdev-programme, 11.09.2015.

Gogo J. (2012), Africa: Rio+20 Shortchanges Continent, „The Herald Online” z 2 lipca.

Healthy Futures (2015), http://www.healthyiutures.eu/, 11.09.2015.

Herrero A., Knaepen H. (2014), Run-up to 2015: A moment o f truth fo r EU external climate action?, „ECDMP Brief Note”, nr 67 - September.

Hudson J., Paul C. (2011), Flegt Action Plan. Progress Report 2003-2010, 26 stycznia 2011, http://ec.europa.eu/development/icenter/repository/flegt_ap_progress_report_2011-03-11_en.pdf, 10.09.2015

Ighobor K. (2012), Rio summit keeps African hopes alive, „Africa Renewal” z 7 września 2012 r.

IPCC (2001), Third Asssessment Report, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

IPCC (2001a), Synthesis Report, Third Assessment Report, Geneva, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.

IPCC (2007), Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability (Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the IPCC), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

IPCC (2014), Climate Change 2014: Synthesis Report, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

IPCC (2014a), Climate change 2014 : Impact, adaptation and vulnerability. Summary for policymakers, AR5 Phase 1 Report Launch, 31 March.

JAES (2007), The Africa-EU strategic partnership, Joint Africa-EU Strategy, http://www.africa-eu-partnership.org/sites/default/files/documents/eas2007_joint_strategy_en.pdf, 12.09.2015.

JAES (2007a), First Action Plan (2008-2010) fo r the Implementation ofthe Africa-EU Strategic Partnership, http://www.africa-eupartnership.org/sites/default/files/documents/jaes_action_plan_2008-2010.pdf, 12.09.2015.

JAES (2010), Action Plan (2011-2013), http://www.africa-eupartnership.org/sites/default/files/documents/03-jeas_action_plan_en.pdf, 12.09.2015.

Key Deliverables o f the Joint Africa-EU Strategy. Second Action Plan 2011-2013 (Living document, as of July 2012), http://euroafrica-ict.org/files/2012/10/27_07_12_key_deliverables_jaes_second_action_plan.pdf, 12.09.2015.

Kjellen J. (2004), Pathways to the future, the new diplomacy fo r sustainable development, „IDS Bulletin”, t. 35, nr 3.

Komisja Europejska (2011), Komunikat Komisji do Parlamentu Europejskiego, Rady, Europejskiego

Komitetu Ekonomiczno-Społecznego i Komitetu Regionów, Zwiększanie wpływu unijnej polityki rozwoju. Program działań na rzecz zmian, Bruksela, 13.10.2011, KOM(2011) 637 wersja ostateczna.

Komisja Europejska (2012), Komunikat Komisji do Parlamentu Europejskiego, Rady, Europejskiego

Komitetu Ekonomiczno-Społecznego i Komitetu Regionów, Rozwój i koncentracja unijnej współpracy międzynarodowej w dziedzinie badań naukowych i innowacji: podejście strategiczne, Bruksela, 14.09.2012, KOM(2012) 497 wersja ostateczna.

Komisja Europejska (2014), Komunikat Komisji do Parlamentu Europejskiego, Rady, Europejskiego

Komitetu Ekonomiczno-Społecznego i Komitetu Regionów, Godne życie dla wszystkich: od wizji do wspólnego działania, Bruksela, 2.06.2014, COM(2014) 335 final.

Kugiel P. (2014), Zmiany we współpracy rozwojowej UE: skutki dla Polski, „Biuletyn PISM”, nr 46 (1158), 17 kwietnia.

Łukaszuk L. (2007), Akwakultura - jej znaczenie cywilizacyjne i gospodarcze w polityce morskiej państw i społeczności międzynarodowej, „Stosunki Międzynarodowe”, nr 3-4.

Ministerstwo Środowiska RP (2009), Komunikat Ministerstwa Środowiska RP, 19.12.2009, http://www.mos.gov.pl/artykul/7_aktualnosci/10668_copenhagen_accord_podczas_cop_15.html, 10.09.2015.

Ministerstwo Środowiska RP (2010), Konferencja klimatyczna COP 16 - podsumowanie, Komunika Ministerstwa Środowiska RP, 12.12.2010, http://www.mos.gov.pl/artykul/7_aktualnosci/13881_konferencja_klimatyczna_cop_16_podsumowanie.html, 10.09.2015.

Ministerstwo Środowiska RP (2011), Przełom na szczycie klimatycznym ONZ - kontynuacja Protokołu z Kioto, w przyszłości zobowiązania dla wszystkich, Komunikat Ministerstwa Środowiska RP, 9.12.2011, http://www.mos.gov.pl/artykul/7_aktual/17526_przelom_na_szczycie_klimatycznym_onz_kontynuacja_protokolu_z_kioto_w_przyszlosci_zobowiazania_dla_wszystkich.htm, 10.09.2015.

Nyamu-Musembi C., Cornwall A. (2004), What is the rights-based approach all about? Perspectives from international development agencies, „IDS Working Paper”, nr 234, Institute of Development Studies, Brighton.

Nyong A. (2011), Skutki zmian klimatycznych w tropikach -przypadek Afryki, w: Zmiany klimatyczne - impas i perspektywy. Punkt widzenia krajów globalnego Południa, red. M. Brennek, Polska Akcja Humanitarna, Warszawa.

Pierwszy krok Zielonego Funduszu Klimatycznego, 26.05.2011, http://globalnepoludnie.pl/Pierwszy-krok-Zielonego-Funduszu, 10.09.2015.

Reid H., Alam M. (2011), Zmiany klimatyczne i Milenijne Cele Rozwoju, w: Zmiany klimatyczne - impas i perspektywy. Punkt widzenia krajów globalnego Południa, red. M. Brennek, Polska Akcja Humanitarna, Warszawa.

Rio+20 - wiele hałasu po nic, 27.06.2012 r., http://www.chronmyklimat.pl/negocjacje-klimatyczne/14511-rio20-wiele-halasu-po-nic, 12.09.2015.

Rio+20: Agreement reached, say diplomats, „BBC News” z 19 czerwca 2012 r.

Shukla P. R. (2011), Klimat i rozwój - pożądane połączenie, w: Zmiany klimatyczne - impas i perspektywy. Punkt widzenia krajów globalnego Południa, red. M. Brennek, Polska Akcja Humanitarna, Warszawa.

Stern N. (2007), The Economics o f Climate Change, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

Supporting a climate for change - 2011. The EU and developing countries working together, European Commission, Brussels 2011.

TerrAfrica (2015), http://www.terrafrica.org/, 10.09.2015.

The European Forest Institute (2009), What is a Voluntary Partnership Agreement? The European Union Approach, „EFI Policy Brief’, nr 3, http://ec.europa.eu/development/icenter/repository/Flegt_efi_policy_brief_3_eng.pdf, 12.09.2015.

The Multiannual Financial Framework: The external action financing instruments, Memo, Brussels.

Tondel F., Knaepen H., van Wyk L.-A. (2015), Africa and Europe Combatting Climate Change. Towards a Common Agenda in 2015, „ECDPM Discussion Paper”, European Centre for Development Policy Management nr 177, maj.

Torney D. (2012), Europe can do better, in „China dialogue”, https://www.chinadialogue.net/article/4931-Europe-can-do-better.

Torney D. (2013), European climate diplomacy: Building capacity fo r external action, Briefing Paper 141, Finnish Institute of International Affairs, October.

TWN (2012), TWN Info Service on Climate Change (0ct12/06), 27.10.2012, http://www.twn.my/title2/climate/info.service/2012/climate20121006.htm, 12.09.2015.

Umowa o partnerstwie między członkami grupy państw Afryki, Karaibów i Pacyfiku, z jednej strony, a Wspólnotą Europejską i je j Państwami Członkowskimi, z drugiej strony, podpisana w Kotonu dnia 23 czerwca 2000 r, Dz.U. L 317, 15.12.2000.

UN (2012), The future we want, Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 27 July 2012, A/RES/66/288.

UNEP (2013), Africa Adaptation Gap Technical Report: Climate-change Impacts, Adaptation Challenges and Costs fo r Africa, Nairobi.

UNFCCC (1992), United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (FCCC/INFORMAL/84), http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/convkp/conveng.pdf, 10.09.2015.

UNIC Warsaw (2013), http://www.unic.un.org.pl/unic-activities/nowe-strony:-agenda-rozwoju-po-roku-2015/2465, 10.09.2015.

University of Liverpool (2015), QweCIproject, http://www.liv.ac.uk/qweci/, 11.09.2015.

W kierunku światowej gospodarki ekologicznej i lepszego zarządzania - Komisja przedstawia założenia polityczne na konferencję Rio+20, Bruksela, „Press Release” z 20 czerwca 2011 r.

Yamin F., Rahman A., Huq S. (2011), Podatność na zmiany klimatyczne, przystosowanie do nich i klęski żywiołowe, w: Zmiany klimatyczne - impas i perspektywy. Punkt widzenia krajów globalnego Południa, red. M. Brennek, Polska Akcja Humanitarna, Warszawa.

Yunus M., Camdessus M. (2012), Africa after Rio+20, „The Huffington Post” z 22 czerwca.