Abstrakt
Główny cel niniejszej pracy obejmuje ocenę znaczenia Wspólnej Polityki Handlowej (WPH) dla UE i zrozumienie jej roli w perspektywie globalnej. Pertraktacje w sprawie Transatlantyckiego Partnerstwa w dziedzinie Handlu i Inwestycji (TTIP) są analizowane przez pryzmat historii formacji, celów, osiągnięć i kwestii nierozwiązanych WPH. Ważnym wynikiem badaniajest stwierdzenie, że Europejskie/Unijne próby prowadzenia odpolitycznionej wspólnej polityki handlowej kolidują z jej celami eksportu wartości. Zobowiązanie do preferencyjnego traktowania rozwijających się i najsłabiej rozwiniętych krajów stwarza pole niestabilności i zagrożenia podwójnych standardów. Aktualne rozmowy w sprawie strefy wolnego handlu pomiędzy EUi USA pozostają szczególnym przypadkiem, który ujawnia braki, ale także osiągnięcia WPH i jej rolę w handlu światowym. Negocjacje TTIP są kamieniem milowym w procesie opracowania globalnych standardów handlowych. Jeżeli wyczerpujące biurokratyczne pertraktacje wyglądają niewygodnie dlarealpolitik Stanów Zjednoczonych, to świetnie pasują do WPH, która była tworzona w ten sam sposób.Bibliografia
Sources
General Information, European Commission, the Directorate-General for Trade, http://ec.europa.eu/trade/policy/, 09.01.2016.
The Treaty Establishing the European Economic Community (Treaty of Rome),
http://ec.europa.eu/archives/emu_history/documents/treaties/rometreaty2.pdf, 25.11.2015.
Opinion of the European Court of Justice 1/1994 (1994), Opinion Pursuant to Article 228(6) of the EC Treaty, http://eur-lex.europa.eu/resource.html?uri=cellar:3568c114-591b-4373-bb72-53523ffd70ce.0002.03/DOC_2&format=PDF, 09.01.2016.
The Treaty of Nice amending the Treaty on European Union (2001), https://www.ecb.europa.eu/ecb/legal/pdf/en_nice.pdf, 25.11.2015.
The Treaty of Lisbon amending the Treaty on European Union (2007), http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:C:2007:306:FULL:EN:PDF, 25.11.2015.
Trade Policy Review (2011), Report by the European Union – Revision, WT/TPR/G/248/Rev.1, http://www.hse.ru/data/2011/11/10/1272143382/EU%202011%20-%20s248.pdf, 10.01.2016.
Treaty on European Union (Treaty of Maastricht) (1992), http://europa.eu/eu-law/decision-making/treaties/pdf/treaty_on_european_union/treaty_on_european_union_en.pdf, 12.01.2016.
Practical guide to the new GSP trade regimes for developing countries (2013), European Commission, http://trade.ec.europa.eu/doclib/docs/2013/december/tradoc_152012.pdf, 11.01.2016.
Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership. The Economic Analysis Explained (2013), European Commission, http://trade.ec.europa.eu/doclib/docs/2013/september/tradoc_151787.pdf, 15.01.2016.
Literature
Akhtar S.I., Jones V.C. (2014), Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP) Negotiations, Congressional Research Service, www.fas.org, 19.12.2015.
Bart V.V., Wessel R. (2014), EU external relations law: text, cases and materials, Cambridge.
Bermejo Garcia R., Garciandia Garmenda R. (2012), The EU as an actor at the WTO: its strengths and weaknesses throughout history, Eastern Journal of European Studies, Vol. 3, Issue 1.
Cleireacain S. (1990), Europe 1992 and Gaps in the EC’s Common Commercial Policy, Journal of Common Market Studies, vol. 28, no. 3.
Goralski W., Kardas Sz. (eds.) (2008), The European Union: Origins, Structure, Acquis, Warsaw.
Coppolaro L. (2013), The Making of a World Trading Power: The European Economic Community (EEC) in the GATT Kennedy Round Negotiations (1963-67), Ashgate.
Das B.L. (2003), WTO: The Doha Agenda. The New Negotiations on World Trade, Pinang.
Decreux Y., Milner C., Peridy N. (2010), The Economic Impact of the Free Trade Agreement (FTA): Between the European Union and Korea, Report for the European Commission DG Trade, http://trade.ec.europa.eu/doclib/docs/2010/may/tradoc_146174.pdf, 13.01.2016.
Duchene F. (1972), Europe's Role in World Peace, in: Europe Tomorrow. Sixteen Europeans Look Ahead, ed. Mayne R., London.
Duchene F. (1973), The European Community and Uncertainties of Interdependence, in A Nation Writ Large? Foreign-Policy Problems before the European Community, eds. Kohnstamm M., Hager W., Basingstoke.
Environmental risks of the Trans-Atlantic Trade & Investment Partnership (2015), Environmental Audit ordered by the House of Commons, www.publications.parliament.uk, 26.12.2015.
Ex-Post Assessment of Six EU Free Trade Agreements. An Econometric Assessment of their Impact on Trade (2011), Colophon, http://trade.ec.europa.eu/doclib/docs/2011/may/tradoc_147905.pdf, 13.01.2016.
Francois J., Manchin M., Norberg H., Pindyuk O., Tomberger P. (2013), Reducing Transatlantic Barriers to Trade and Investment. An Economic Assessment, Centre for Economic Policy Research (CEPR), http://trade.ec.europa.eu/doclib/docs/2013/march/tradoc_150737.pdf, 15.01.2016.
Heid B., Lehwald S. (2013), Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP): Who benefits from a free trade deal?, Bertelsmann Stiftung, http://www.bfna.org/sites/default/files/TTIP-GED%20study%2017June%202013.pdf, 15.01.2016.
Hix S., Hoyland B. (2011), The Political System of the European Union, Palgrave.
Impact Assessment Report on the future of EU-U.S. trade relations (2013), European Commission, Commission Staff Working Document, ec.europa.eu, 20.12.2015.
Kiwerska J. (2013), Rozchodzenie się dwóch światów: Stany Zjednoczone i relacje transatlantyckie 1989-2012, Poznan.
Lang A. (2011), World Trade Law after Neoliberalism: Re-imagining the Global Economic Order, Oxford.
Manrique M.G, Lerch M. (2015), The TTIP’s potential impact on developing countries: A review on existing literature and selected issues, Directorate-General for External Policies, www.europarl.europa.eu, 26.12.2015.
Messerlin P. (2015), The Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership: the Services Dimension, Centre for Economic Policy Research, Special Report, no. 106, ceps.eu, 18.12.2015.
Mid-term evaluation of the EU’s Generalised System of Preferences: Final Report (2010), Centre for the Analysis of Regional Integration at Sussex (CARIS), http://trade.ec.europa.eu/doclib/docs/2010/may/tradoc_146196.pdf, 12.01.2016.
Mildner S.A., Shmucker S. (2013), Trade Agreement with Side-Effects?, SWP Comments, no. 18, swpberlin.org, 20.12.2015.
Moravscik A. (1998), The choice for Europe: social purpose and state power from Messina to Maastricht, Cornell.
Orbie J. (2006), Civilian Power Europe: Review of the Original and Current Debates, 41/123 Cooperation and Conflict, http://cac.sagepub.com/, 11.01.2016.
Perisin T. (2013), EU Identity from the Perspective of the WTO – the Spillover Effects of the Union’s Internal Market in the International Trading Arena, in. The European Union’s Emerging International Identity: Views from the Global Arena, eds. Kuipers J.J., Waele de H., Leiden.
Robles A.C. (2008), EU FTA Negotiations with SADC and Mercosur: integration into the world economy or market access for EU firms?, Third World Quarterly, vol. 29, no. 1.
Smith M. (2015), The EU as an international actor, in European Union: power and policy-making, eds. Richardson J., Mazey S., Routledge.
Stachura J. (2002), Przewartościowania w stosunkach transatlantyckich, Ekspertyzy departamentu strategii i planowania polityki zagranicznej MSZ.
Stearns J. (2015), Most EU Countries to Ban Cultivation of 8 GMOs Using New Rules, http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-10-05/most-eu-countries-to-ban-cultivation-of-8-gmos-using-new-rules, 14.01.2016.
Stiglitz J. (2015), Where Progressive and Conservatives Agree on Trade: Current Investor-State Dispute Settlement model is bad for the United States, Roosevelt Institute, http://docslide.us/documents/letter-to-congress-stiglitz-on-trade-deal.html, 13.01.2016.
Wardhaugh B. (2013), GSP+ and Human Rights: Is the EU’s Approach the Right One?, International Economic Law, no. 16(4).
Wasinski M. (2015), TTIP and Third Countries: Making It More Transatlantic, Bulletin PISM, No. 47 (779).
Woolcock S. (2012), European Union Economic Diplomacy: the role of the EU in external economic relations, Ashgate.
Press
Opening Shots (2013), The Economist, July 26th, p. 63.
A Better Way to Arbitrate (2014), The Economist, October 11th, p. 10.
Canada doesn’t get any sexier than this (2013), The Economist, October 26th, p. 18.
No more grand bargains (2014), The Economist, August 9th, p. 10.