Abstract
The subject of the analysis are the circumstances and attitude of NATO towards the military policy of Russia in Ukraine. The article discusses issues such as relations between NATO and Russia after the Cold War, relations between NATO and Ukraine after the Cold War and the Alliance’s response to Russia’s military policy in Ukraine. The article is intended to answer the question of whether NATO’s response was appropriate and sufficiently determined to protect NATO’s eastern flank states from Russia, effectively discourage it from provoking members of the Alliance and force it to change its policy towards Ukraine? Actions taken by NATO in response to Russia’s military policy in Ukraine focus on strengthening security and confirming the readiness to collective defense of Alliance members. Assistance to Ukraine is of a secondary and limited nature, and its scale is insufficient to force Russia to change its policy towards that country. The events in Ukraine led to a crisis in relations between Russia and NATO, as well as reduced the chances of Ukraine to join the Alliance.
References
Aaltola M., Käpylä J., Vuorisalo V. (2014), The Challenge of Global Commons and Flows for US Power. The Perils of Missing the Human Domain, Routledge, London–New York.
Adamsky D. (2016), Change and continuity in Russian perceptions of the United States, w: US Foreign Policy and Global Standing in the 21st Century. Realities and Perceptions, red. E. Inbar, J. Rynhold, Routledge, London–New York.
Apeldoorn B. van, Graaff N. de (2016), American Grand Strategy and Corporate Elite Networks. The Open Door since the End of the Cold War, Routledge, London–New York.
Banasik M. (2015), NATO w świetle postanowień szczytu w Newport, „Kwartalnik Bellona”, nr 3.
Bandeira L. A. (2017), The Second Cold War. Geopolitics and Strategic Dimensions of the USA, Springer, New York.
Behnke A. (2013), NATO’s Security Discourse after the Cold War. Representing the West, Routledge, London–New York.
Bouchet N. (2015), Democracy Promotion as US Foreign Policy. Bill Clinton and democratic enlargement, Routledge, London–New York.
Braun A. (2008), Enlargement and the perils of containment, w: NATO-Russia Relations in the Twenty-First Century, red. A. Braun, Routledge, London–New York.
Brussels Summit Declaration Issued by the Heads of State and Government participating in the meeting of the North Atlantic Council in Brussels 11–12 July 2018 (2018), Brussels, 12 July, https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/official_texts_156624.htm, 11.09.2018.
Bucharest Summit Declaration Issued by the Heads of State and Government participating in the meeting of the North Atlantic Council in Bucharest on 3 April 2008 (2008), Bucharest, 3 April, https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natolive/official_texts_8443.htm, 11.09.2018.
Charter on a Distinctive Partnership between NATO and Ukraine between the North Atlantic Treaty Organization and Ukraine (1997), 9 July, https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/official_texts_25457.htm, 11.09.2018.
Chenoy A. M., Kumar R. (2017), Re-emerging Russia. Structures, Institutions and Processes, Palgrave Macmillan, New York.
Cornell P. (2013), NATO and energy security: defining a role, w: Understanding NATO in the 21st Century. Alliance strategies, security and global governance, red. G. P. Herd, J. Kriendler, Routledge, London–New York.
David M. (2017), US–Russia relations in Obama’s second term: a damage limitation exercise, w: The Obama Doctrine. A legacy of continuity in US foreign policy?, red. M. Bentley, J. Holland, Routledge, London–New York.
David S. (2016), Obama: the reluctant realist, w: US Foreign Policy and Global Standing in the 21st Century. Realities and Perceptions, red. E. Inbar, J. Rynhold, Routledge, London–New York.
Dumbrell J. (2009), Clinton’s Foreign Policy. Between the Bushes, 1992–2000, Routledge, London–New York.
Dunay P. (2013), NATO enlargement: close to the end?, w: Understanding NATO in the 21st Century. Alliance strategies, security and global governance, red. G. P. Herd, J. Kriendler, Routledge, London–New York.
Dunn D. H., Zala B. (2014), Transatlantic relations and US foreign policy, w: Obama and the World. New directions in US foreign policy. Second edition, red. I. Parmar, L. B. Miller, M. Ledwidge, Routledge, London–New York.
Fedorov Y. E. (2010), The return of history: hard security issues in the Russia–Europe relationship, w: Russia and Europe. Building bridges, digging trenches, red. K. Engelbrekt, B. Nygren, Routledge, London–New York.
Flockhart T. (2016), Understanding NATO through constructivist theorizing, w: Theorising NATO. New perspectives on the Atlantic alliance, red. M. Webber, A. Hyde-Price, Routledge, London–New York.
Founding Act on Mutual Relations, Cooperation and Security between NATO and the Russian Federation signed in Paris (1997), Paris, 27 May, http://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/official_texts_25468.htm, 11.09.2018.
Gardner H. (2005), American Global Strategy and the “War on Terrorism”, Routledge, London–New York.
Hallams E. (2010), The United States and NATO since 9/11. The transatlantic alliance renewed, Routledge, London–New York.
Hansen B., Toft P., Wivel A. (2009), Security Strategies and American World Order. Lost Power, Routledge, London–New York.
Herd G. P. (2013), NATO partnerships: for peace, combat, and soft balancing?, w: Understanding NATO in the 21st Century. Alliance strategies, security and global governance, red. G. P. Herd, J. Kriendler, Routledge, London–New York.
Hyde-Price A. (2016), NATO and the European security system: a neorealist analysis, w: Theorising NATO. New perspectives on the Atlantic alliance, red. M. Webber, A. Hyde-Price, Routledge, London–New York.
Interfax-Ukraine (2011), Poll: Most Crimean residents consider Ukraine their motherland, “Kyiv Post” 11 April 2011, https://www.kyivpost.com/article/content/ukraine-politics/poll-most-crimean-residents-consider-ukraine-their-102113.html?cn-reloaded=1, 11.09.2018.
Kaplan L. S. (2004), NATO Divided, NATO United The Evolution of an Alliance, Praeger Publishers, Westport.
Keller P. (2017), Divided by geography? NATO’s internal debate about the eastern and southern flanks, w: NATO and Collective Defence in the 21st Century. An Assessment of the Warsaw Summit, red. K. Friis, Routledge, London–New York.
Koziej S., Pietrzak P. (2014), Szczyt NATO w Walii: uwarunkowania, rezultaty, wnioski dla Polski, „Bezpieczeństwo Narodowe”, nr 3.
Lagadec E. (2012), Transatlantic Relations in the 21st Century. Europe, America and the rise of the rest, Routledge, London–New York.
Larsen J. A. (2017), NATO’s responses to Russian belligerence: an overview, w: NATO and Collective Defence in the 21st Century. An Assessment of the Warsaw Summit, red. K. Friis, Routledge, London–New York.
Leichtova M. (2016), Misunderstanding Russia. Russian Foreign Policy and the West, Routledge, London–New York.
Lindley-French J., Macfarlane N. (2007), The North Atlantic Treaty Organization. The Enduring Alliance, Routledge, London–New York.
LoGiurato B. (2014), NATO: Russia Just Significantly Escalated The Crisis In Ukraine, 22 August, https://www.businessinsider.com/russian-invasion-of-ukraine-nato-putin-obama-2014-8?IR=T, 11.09.2018.
Lorenz W. (2015), 2016 – Szczyt strategicznej adaptacji NATO, „Biuletyn PISM” 2015, nr 56 (1293), https://www.pism.pl/files/?id_plik=19966, 11.09.2018.
MacFarlane S. N. (2008), Russia, NATO enlargement and the strengthening of democracy in the European space, w: NATO-Russia Relations in the Twenty-First Century, red. A. Braun, Routledge, London–New York.
Mearsheimer J. J. (2014), Why the Ukraine Crisis Is the West’s Fault. The Liberal Delusions That Provoked Putin, „Foreign Affairs”, September/October, https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/russia-fsu/2014-08-18/why-ukraine-crisis-west-s-fault, 30.04.2019.
NATO’s Readiness Action Plan (2015), May, http://www.nato.int/nato_static_fl2014/assets/pdf/pdf_2015_05/20150508_1505-Factsheet-RAP-en.pdf, 11.09.2018.
Orfy M. M. (2011), NATO and the Middle East. The geopolitical contexts post-9/11, Routledge, London–New York.
Osborne S. (2018), Flight MH17 shot down by Russian military-sourced missile, investigators conclude, “The Independent” 24 May 2018, https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/mh17-missile-ukraine-2014-russia-military-netherlands-deaths-investigation-a8366721. html, 11.09.2018.
Ponsard L. (2007), Russia, NATO and Cooperative Security. Bridging the Gap, Routledge, London–New York.
Relations with Russia, https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natolive/topics_50090.htm, 11.09.2018.
Relations with Ukraine, https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natolive/topics_37750.htm#, 11.09.2018.
Simoni S. (2013), Understanding Transatlantic Relations. Whither the West?, Routledge, London–New York.
Sloan S. R. (2008), NATO beyond Russia, w: NATO-Russia Relations in the Twenty-First Century, red. A. Braun, Routledge, London–New York.
Snetkov A. (2015), Russia’s Security Policy under Putin. A critical perspective, Routledge, London–New York.
Szeligowski D. (2018), Perspektywy współpracy NATO-Ukraina, „Biuletyn PISM”, nr 99 (1672), https://www.pism.pl/files/?id_plik=24676, 11.09.2018.
Terzuolo E. (2006), NATO and Weapons of Mass Destruction. Regional alliance, global threats, Routledge, London–New York.
The Alliance’s Strategic Concept Approved by the Heads of State and Government participating in the meeting of the North Atlantic Council in Washington D.C. (1999), Washington D.C., 4 April, https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/official_texts_27433.htm, 11.09.2018.
Treverton G. F. (2016), A Post-Modern Transatlantic Alliance, w: Hard Power, Soft Power and the Future of Transatlantic Relations, red. T. L. Ilgen, Routledge, London–New York.
Wales Summit Declaration Issued by the Heads of State and Government participating in the meeting of the North Atlantic Council in Wales (2014), Newport, 5 September, https://www.nato.int/cps/ic/natohq/official_texts_112964.htm, 11.09.2018.
Warsaw Summit Communiqué Issued by the Heads of State and Government participating in the meeting of the North Atlantic Council in Warsaw 8–9 July 2016 (2016), Warsaw, 9 July, https://www.nato.int/cps/ic/natohq/official_texts_133169.htm, 11.09.2018.
Webber M. (2016), Is NATO a theory-free zone?, w: Theorising NATO. New perspectives on the Atlantic alliance, red. M. Webber, A. Hyde-Price, Routledge, London–New York.
Widmaier W. W. (2015), Presidential Rhetoric from Wilson to Obama. Constructing crises, fast and slow, Routledge, London–New York.
Williams M. J. (2016), NATO and the risk society: modes of alliance representation since 1991, w: Theorising NATO. New perspectives on the Atlantic alliance, red. M. Webber, A. Hyde-Price, Routledge, London–New York.
Zięba R. (2013), Polityka zagraniczna Polski w strefie euroatlantyckiej, Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego, Warszawa.