Da Qin i Seres – zarys kontaktów Imperium Rzymskiego i cywilizacji chińskiej
PDF

Słowa kluczowe

Roman Empire
China
Sino-Roman contacts
silk
Silk Road
Da Qin
Seres

Jak cytować

Janik, P. (2016). Da Qin i Seres – zarys kontaktów Imperium Rzymskiego i cywilizacji chińskiej. Studia Azjatystyczne, (2), 56–76. https://doi.org/10.14746/sa.2016.2.04

Abstrakt

The relationships between the Roman Empire and the Chinese Empire existed, although different sources seem to indicate that they had only an indirect nature. They took place both by land and by sea. These contacts began around the turn of the era and continued until the end of European antiquity. They were then continued by Byzantium. Although these relationships were intermediate, both the Chinese and the Romans knew about each other. However, this knowledge was very unclear, and overshadowed by mythic imagination. However, there is evidence that both empires tried to get closer, but this never occurred. This does not change the fact that Chinese silk reached the Roman Empire, and Roman products like coins and glass cups were imported into the Middle Kingdom.
https://doi.org/10.14746/sa.2016.2.04
PDF

Bibliografia

An, Jiayao. 2002. When Glass Was Treasured in China: Annette Juliano, Judith Lerner (red.). Silk Road Studies VII: Nomads, Traders, and Holy Men Along China's Silk Road. Turnhout: Brepols Publishers, 79-94.

Aujac, Germaine. 1993. Claude Ptolémée, Astronome, Astrologue, Géographe: Connaissance et Représentation du Monde habité. Paryż: CTHS.

Barber, Elizabeth W. 1992. Prehistoric Textiles: The Development of Cloth in the Neolithic and Bronze Ages with Special Reference to the Aegean. New Jersey: Princeton University Press.

Begley, Vimala, Richard Daniel De Puma. 1994. Rome and India: The An-cient Sea Trade. Phoenix: University of Wisconsin Press.

Cultural Heritage Bureau. 2006. Northern Wei Tomb of Li Dan in Northern Suburb of Xi'an, Shaanxi, Major Archaeological Discoveries in China in 2005 (coroczny katalog publikowany przez MinisterstwoOchrony Dziedzictwa Narodowego Chińskiej Republiki Ludowej). Pekin, 123-126.

Dubs, Homer H. 1941. An Ancient Military Contact between Romans and Chinese, The American Journal of Philology 62, 3 (1941), 322-330.

Dubs, Homer H. 1957. A Roman City in Ancient China, Greece & Rome 4, 2 (1957), 139-148.

Goldstein, Sidney. 2005. Glass from Sasanian antecedents to European imitations. Londyn: Philip Wilson Publishers.

Hemphill, Brian, James P. Mallory. 2004. Horse-mounted invaders from the Russo-Kazakh steppe or agricultural colonists from Western Central Asia? A craniometric investigation of the Bronze Age settlement of Xinjiang, American Journal of Physical Anthropology 125, 199-222.

Hill, John E. 2009. Through the Jade Gate to Rome: A Study of the Silk Routes during the Later Han Dynasty, 1st to 2nd Centuries CE. An Annotated Translation of the Chronicle on the ’Western Regions’ in the Hou Hanshu. Lexington: BookSurge Publishing.

Hirth, Friedrich. 1975. China and the Roman Orient (przedruk z 1885). Chicago: ARES Publishers.

Hoppál, Krisztina. 2011a. The Roman Empire according to the ancient Chinese sources, Acta Antica Hungarica 51 (2011), 263-305.

Hoppál, Krisztina. 2011b. Rómaiak Kínában? A ganquani (甘泉) 2. sír római vonatkozású üveglelete [Romans in China? The Roman glass finding in grave 2 of Ganquan (甘泉)], Folia Archaeologica 54 (2008-2010), 131-154.

Hulsewé, Anthony F. P., Michael A. N. Loewe. 1979. China in Central Asia. The Early Stage 125 BC - AD 23: An Annotated Translation of Chapters 61 and 96 of the History of the Former Han Dynasty, Leiden: Brill.

Janik, Paweł. 2015. Rola koczowników Wielkiego Stepu w transferze idei pomiędzy Europą a Dalekim Wschodem, Studia Azjatystyczne 1 (2015), 18-34.

Jenkins, Peter. 2008. The Lost History of Christianity: the Thousand-Year Golden Age of the Church in the Middle East, Africa, and Asia – and How It Died. Nowy Jork: Harper Collins.

Kajdański, Eward. 1999. Michał Boym – Ambasador Państwa Środka. Warszawa: Książka i Wiedza.

Kossowska, Dominika. 2015a. Analiza powstawania synkretycznych stylów zdobniczych w Azji Środkowej w VI-VIII w. n.e. na podstawie tkanin z Kotliny Turfańskiej, Studia Azjatystyczne 1 (2015), 25-49.

Kossowska, Dominika. 2015b. Classical motifs on Yingpan mummy's clothing, Novensia 26 (2015), 61-68.

Laing, Ellen J. 1991. A Report on Western Asian Glassware in the Far East, Bulletin of the Asia Institute 5, 109-121.

Landau, David, Peter Parshall. 1996. The Renaissance Print. Yale: Yale University Press.

Leslie, Donald D., Kenneth H. J. Gardiner. 1996. The Roman Empire in Chinese Sources. Rzym: Bardi Editore.

Lubec, Gert (i in.). 1993. Use of Silk in Ancient Egypt, Nature 362, 25.

Mairs, Rachel. 2007. Egyptian artefacts from Central and South Asia: Rachel Mairs (i in.) (red.). Current research in Egyptology VI. Proceedings of the sixth annual symposium which took place at the University of Cambridge, 6–8 January 2005. Oxford: Oxbow, 74-89.

Malinowski, Gościwit, Aleksander Paroń, Bartłomiej Szmoniewski (red.). 2012. Serica – Da Qin. Studies in Archaeology, Philology and History of Sino-Western Relations (Selected Problems). Wrocław: Wydawnictwo GAJT.

Malleret, Louis. 1962. L’Archéologie du delta du Mékong [La culture du Fu-nan], Vol. 3. Paryż: École française d'Extrême-Orient.

Mallory, James P., Victor Mair. 2000. The Tarim Mummies: Ancient China and the Mystery of the Earliest Peoples from the West. Londyn: Thames & Hudson.

Man, John. 2008. Wielki Mur. Tłum. Katarzyna Bażyńska-Chojnacka. Warszawa: Amber.

Matthew, Christopher. 2011. Greek Hoplites in an Ancient Chinese Siege, Journal of Asian History 45, 1/2 (2011), 17-37.

Moule, Arthur Ch. 1930. Christians in China before the year 1550. Londyn: Chʻeng Wen Publishing Company.

Pulleyblank, Edwin G. 1999. The Roman Empire as known to Han China, Journal of the American Oriental Society 119, 1 (1999), 71-79.

Schoff, Wilfred H. 1915. The Eastern Iron Trade of the Roman Empire, Journal of the American Oriental Society 35, 224-239.

Sherkova, Tatjana. 1991. The Nature of Contacts between the Kushan Kingdom and the Eastern Mediterranean, Information Bulletin, International Association for the Study for the Cultures of Central Asia 1, 47-55.

Stein, Marc Aurel. 1907. Ancient Khotan: Marc Aurel Stein (red.). Detailed report of archaeological explorations in Chinese Turkestan, Vol. 2. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 44-45.

Stein, Marc Aurel. 1932. On Ancient Central Asian Tracks: Brief Narrative of Three Expeditions in Innermost Asia and Northwestern China. Delhi: Macmillan.

Toll, N. P. 1950. Motes on Chinese Silk Found in the South of Russia, The Bulletin of the Needle and Bobbin Club 34, 1/2 (1950), 37-45.

Vainker, Shelagh. 2004. Chinese Silk: A Cultural History. Londyn: Rutgers University Press.

Ying, Lin. 2005. Solidi in China and Monetary Culture along the Silk Road, The Silk Road 3, 2 (2005), 16-20.

Young, Gary. 2001. Rome’s Eastern Trade. International commerce and imperial policy, 31BC – AD 305. Londyn – Nowy Jork: Routledge.

Yule, Henry. 2010. Cathay and the Way Thither (przedruk z 1915), Vol. 4. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Yu, Ying-Shih. 2008. Han foreign relations: Denis Twitchett, Michael Loewe (red.). The Cambridge History of China [The Ch’in and Han Empires 221 B. C. – A. D. 220 ], Vol. 1. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 377-462.

Zhou, Ruixia (i in.). 2007. Testing the Hypothesis of an Ancient Roman Soldier Origin of the Liqian People in Northwest China: a Y-Chromosome Perspective, Journal of Human Genetics 52, 7 (2007), 584-91.

Żuchowska, Marta. 2013a. From China to Palmyra: The Value of Silk, Światowit 11 (LII)/A (2013), 133-152.

Żuchowska, Marta. 2013b. Palmyra and the Far Eastern Trade, Studia Palmyreńskie 12 (2013), 381-387.

Teksty źródłowe

Flor., Epitomae – Lucjusz Anneusz Florus. 1973. Zarys Dziejów Rzymskich (Epitomae de Tito Livio bellorum omnium annorum septingentorum libri duo). Tłum. Ignacy Lewandowski. Wrocław: Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich.

Han Shu – Ban Biao, Ban Gu i Ban Zhao. 1955. Księga Hanów (Han Shu漢書). Vol. 1-3. Tłum. Homer H. Dubs. Baltimore: Waverly.

Hom., Od. – Homer. 1981. Odyseja (Ὀδύσσεια). Tłum. Lucjan Siemieński. Wrocław: Ossolineum.

Hor., Odes – Kwintus Horacy. 1980. Pieśni (Carmina/Odes). Tłum. Stefan Gołębiowski, Warszawa: Biblioteka Klasyki Polskiej i Obcej, Ludowa Spółdzielnia Wydawnicza.

Hou Han Shu – Fan Ye. 2003. Księga Późniejszych Hanów (Hou Han Shu後漢書). Tłum. John E. Hill, http://depts.washington.edu/silkroad/texts/hhshu/hou_han_shu.html#sec22, dostęp: 21.12.2014.

Jin Shu – Fang Xuanling. 1885. Księga Jin (Jin Shu晉書). Tłum. Friedrich Hirth, http://depts.washington.edu/silkroad/texts/romchin1.html, dostęp: 21.12.2014.

Jiu Tang Shu – Zhao Ying. 1885. Stara Księga Tang (Jiu Tang Shu舊唐書). Tłum. Friedrich Hirth, http://depts.washington.edu/silkroad/texts/romchin1.html, dostęp: 21.12.2014.

Liang Shu – Yáo Sīlián. 1885. Księga Liang (Liang Shu梁書). Tłum. Friedrich Hirth, http://depts.washington.edu/silkroad/texts/romchin1.html, dostęp: 21.12.2014.

Pomp., De situ orbis – Tytus Pomponiusz Mela. 1957. O Położeniu Krajów Świata Ksiąg Trzy (De situ orbis libri tres). Tłum. M. Golias: Geografia antyczna, M. S. Bodnarski (red.). Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN, 189-244.

Peripl. M. Eryth. – 1995. Periplus Morza Erytrejskiego [Περίπλους τὴς Ἐρυθράς Θαλάσσης]: Wilfred H. Schoff (red.). The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea: Travel and Trade in the Indian Ocean by a Merchant of the First Century. New Delhi:

Munshiram Monoharlal Publishers.

Plin., H. N. – Gajusz Pliniusz Secundus (Starszy). 1845. Historia Naturalna (Naturalis historia), Vol. 7-8. Tłum. Józef Łukaszewicz. Poznań: Księgarnia i Drukarnia J. Łukasiewicza.

Procop., Goth. – Prokopiusz z Cezarei. 1936. Wojna Gocka (Bellum Gothicum): Claudius Maltretus (red.). Procopii Caesariensis Historiarum Temporis Sui Tetras Altera. De Bello Gothico. Wenecja 1729. (Przedruk w Roy C. Cave, Herbert H. Coulson (red.). 1936. A Source Book for Medieval Economic History. Milwaukee: The Bruce Publishing Co.).

Ptol., Geog. – Klaudiusz Ptolemeusz. 1932. Geografia (Γεωγραφικὴ Ὑφήγησις). Tłum. Edward L. Stevenson. Nowy Jork: New York Public Library.

Sen., De Beneficiis – Lucjusz Annaneus Seneka. 1935. O Dobrodziejstwach (De Beneficiis): Moral Essays, Vol. 3. Tłum. John W. Basore. Londyn: W. Heinemann.

Shiji – Sīma Qian. 2008. Zapiski Historyka (Shiji史記). Tłum. William J. Niehauser. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.

Str., Geog. – Strabon. 1924. Geografia (Γεωγραφικά ὑπομνήματα). Tłum. Horace L. Jones. Londyn: W. Heinemann.

Weilüe–Yu Huan, Krótka Historia Wei (Wei Lüe魏略). Tłum. Friedrich Hirth, http://depts.washington.edu/silkroad/texts/romchin1.html, dostęp: 21.12.2014.

Wei Shu – Wei Shou, Księga Wei (Wei Shu魏書). Tłum. Friedrich Hirth, http://depts.washington.edu/silkroad/texts/romchin1.html, dostęp: 21.12.2014.

Źródła internetowe

Arkenberg, Jerome. 2000. East Asian Sourcebook: Chinese Accounts of Rome, Byzantium and the Middle East, c. 91 B.C.E. – 1642 C.E., http://depts.washington.edu/silkroad/texts/romchin1.html, dostęp: 22.12.2014.

Gruber, Ethan. 2007. The Origins of Roman Li-chien, https://www.academia.edu/1203735/The_Origins_of_Roman_Li-chien, dostęp: 28.12.2014.

Mairs, Rachel. 2012. Glassware from Roman Egypt at Begram (Afghanistan) and the Red Sea trade, British Museum Studies in Ancient Egypt and Sudan 18, http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/online_journals/bmsaes/issue_18/mairs.aspx, dostęp: 02.01.2015.

Unesco, Museum for Intercultural Dialogue, http://www.unesco.org/culture/museum-for-dialogue/item/en/114/fragment-of-an-egyptian-coptic-textile; http://www.unesco.org/culture/museum-for-dialogue/item/en/115/piece-of-the-chinese-textile, dostęp: 20.11.2015.

Xinhua. 2010. Hunt for Roman Legion Reaches China, China Daily, http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2010-11/20/content_11581539.htm, dostęp: 27.12.2014.

Ying, Lin. 2003. Western Turks and Byzantine gold coins found in China, Tranoxania 6, http://www.transoxiana.org/0106/lin-ying_turks_solidus.html, dostęp: 29.12.2014.