Lew i smok. Zderzenie dwóch koncepcji stosunków międzynarodowych na przykładzie brytyjskiej misji lorda Macartneya do Chin w latach 1793-1794
PDF

Słowa kluczowe

18th-century China
Qianlong
George Macartney
ketou
Sino-European relations
history of international relations
Westphalian sovereignty

Jak cytować

Wasilewski, P. (2016). Lew i smok. Zderzenie dwóch koncepcji stosunków międzynarodowych na przykładzie brytyjskiej misji lorda Macartneya do Chin w latach 1793-1794. Studia Azjatystyczne, (2), 119–136. https://doi.org/10.14746/sa.2016.2.08

Abstrakt

This paper discusses different conceptions of international relations (Westphalian sovereignty and China’s model based on a tributary system and the central place of the imperial court in Beijing) in the context of the British expedition to China in 1793-1794. There is perhaps no more striking case of a clash between Britain and China. This confrontation was a part of the colonial period. The British mission undertook the task of commencing trade cooperation with the Chinese and  establishing a permanent embassy in Beijing. The embassy was ultimately not successful. After the conclusion of the embassy, Qianlong sent a letter to King George III, explaining in greater depth the reasons of his refusal to grant the requests of the embassy.
This paper shows that the only way to success was mutual understanding. The failure to obtain trade concessions was caused not only by Macartney’s refusal to kowtow in the presence of the Qianlong Emperor, as is commonly believed. It was a result of competing world views that were mutually incomprehensible and incompatible. China had a totally different perspective on their role in the world. As ruler of the “Middle Kingdom”, the Emperor of China received a Mandate from Heaven, and was nominally ruler of the entire world. China had a privileged status in the world and others could be beneficiaries of Chinese culture only on condition that they admitted this particular role. A lack of understanding of the cultural context of Chinese international relations caused the failure of the embassy.
https://doi.org/10.14746/sa.2016.2.08
PDF

Bibliografia

Bierzanek, Remigiusz, Janusz Symonides. 2009. Prawo międzynarodowe publiczne. Warszawa: LexisNexis.

Black, Jeremy. 1994. British Foreign Policy in an Age of Revolutions 1783-1793. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Buzan, Barry, Richard Little. 2011. Systemy międzynarodowe w historii świata. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN.

Cieciura, Włodzimierz. 2011. Europa odkrywa Chiny: Joanna Cieślewska (red.). Ming. Tom 1. Dynastie Świata. Inowrocław: Biblioteka Gazety Wyborczej, 69-75.

Davies, Norman. 2003. Europa. Kraków: Znak.

Davies, Norman. 2012. Wyspy. Kraków: Znak.

Dziewanowski, Kazimierz. 1996. Brzemię białego człowieka. Jak zbudowano brytyjskie imperium. Warszawa: Oficyna Wydawnicza „Rytm”.

Eberhard, Wolfram. 2007. Symbole chińskie. Słownik. Kraków: Universitas.

Elliott, Mark C. 2009. Emperor Qianlong. Son of Heaven, Man of the World. New York: Longman.

Kissinger, Henry. 2014. O Chinach. Wołowiec: Wydawnictwo Czarne.

Künstler, Mieczysław Jerzy. 2000. Wstęp: Sima Qian. Fragmenty Zapisków Historyka. Warszawa: Czytelnik.

Künstler, Mieczysław Jerzy. 2007. Dzieje kultury chińskiej. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN.

Łubina, Michał. Niedźwiedź w cieniu smoka. Rosja – Chiny 1991 – 2004. Kraków: Księgarnia Akademicka.

Morton, W. Scott, Charlton M. Lewis 2007. Chiny. Historia i kultura. Kraków: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego.

Mungello, David Emil. 2013. The Great Encounter of China and the West 1500-1800. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield.

Peyrefitte, Alain. 1993. The Collision of Two Civilisations: The British Expedition to China 1792-4. London: The Harvill Press.

Porter, David. 2010. The Chinese Taste in Eighteen-Century England. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Rostworowski, Emanuel. 1998. Historia powszechna. Wiek XVIII. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN.

Tuck, Patrick. 2000. Britain and the China Trade 1635-1842. Vol. 2. London-New York: Routledge.

Wallerstein, Immanuel. 2007. Analiza systemów – światów. Wprowadzenie. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Akademickie Dialog.

Waltz, Kenneth Neal. 2010. Struktura teorii stosunków międzynarodowych. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowe Scholar.

Zins, Henryk. 2001. Ekspansja i zmierzch Imperium Brytyjskiego. Lublin: Wydawnictwo UMCS.

Teksty źródłowe

Barrow, John. 1804. Travels in China. London: Cadell and Davis.

Barrow, John. 1807. Some Account of the Public Life and Selections from the Unpublished Writing of the Earl Macartney. 2 vols. London: Cadell and Davis.

Cranmer-Byng, John Launcelot. 2004. An Embassy to China. Being the journal kept by Lord Macartney during his Embassy to the Emperor Ch’ien-lung 1793-1794. London: The Folio Society.

Meadows, Thomas. 1847. Desultory Notes on the Government and People of China. London: Wm. H. Allen and Co.

Staunton, George. 1797. An authentic account of an embassy from the King of Great Britain to the Emperor of China, v. 2. London: W. Bulmer and Co.