Abstrakt
This article addresses the issue of racial and ethnic differences in intelligence studies. Some researchers have claimed to use national IQs in studies of evolutionary theories of racial differences in intelligence. However, due to the Flynn Effect and some methodological questions, national IQs cannot be viewed solely in evolutionary and socio-economic development terms and can be considered in light of intercultural differences as well. Moreover, the meaning of race in intelligence studies is vaguely defined. It leads to considerable controversies surrounding the public understanding of race (for instance, stereotyping threat). It also creates suspicions as to the use of group differences in IQ tests to explain racial and ethnic differences in achievements.
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Wicherts J.M., Dolan C.V., Hessen D.J., Stereotype Threat and Group Differences in Test Performance: A Question of Measurement Invariance, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 2005, 85, 5.
Wicherts J.M., Johnson W., Group Differences in the Heritability of Items and Test Scores, Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 2009, 276.
Wicherts J.M., Borsboom, D., Dolan C.V., Evolution, Brain Size, and the National IQ of Peoples
around 3000 Years B.C, Personality and Individual Differences, 2010, 48, 2.
Albański Ł., Krywult-Albańska M., Seks, nauka i czystość rasy: jak ruch eugeniczny za oceanem
chciał stworzyć społeczeństwo doskonałych jednostek, Nowiny Lekarskie, 2011, 80, 5.
Eppig C., Fincher C.L., Thornhill R., Parasite Prevalence and the Worldwide Distribution of
Cognitive Ability, Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 2010, 277.
Flynn J.L., O inteligencji inaczej. Czy jesteśmy mądrzejsi od naszych przodków? przekł.
A. Nowak, Wydawnictwo Smak Słowa, Sopot, 2010.
Flynn J.L., Are We Getting Smarter? Rising IQ in the Twenty-First Century, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2012.
Fraser S. (red.), The Bell Curve Wars: Race, Intelligence, and the Future of America, Basic Books,
New York 1995.
Gillborn D., Softly, Softly: Genetics, Intelligence and the Hidden Racism of the New Geneism,
Journal of Education Policy, 2016, 31, 4.
Gottfredson L.S., Jensen, Jensenism, and the Sociology of Intelligence, Intelligence, 1998, 26, 3.
Grigorenko E.L., Meier E., Lipka J., Mohatt G., Yanez E., Sternberg R.J., Academic and Practical Intelligence: A Case Study of the Yup’ik in Alaska, Learning and Individual Differences, 14, 4.
Herrnstein R.J., Murray C., Bell Curve: Intelligence and Class Structure in American Life, Free
Press, New York 1994.
Hunt E., Sternberg S.J.R., Sorry, Wrong Numbers: An Analysis of a Study of a Correlation between Skin Color and IQ, Intelligence, 2006, 34, 2.
Jensen A.R., Educability and Group Differences, Harper & Row, New York 1973.
Jensen A.R., Educational Differences, Routledge, New York 1973.
Jensen A.R., The G Factor: The Science of Mental Ability, Praeger, Westport 1998.
Kan K.J., Wicherts J.M., Dolan C.V., van der Maas H.L.J., On the Nature and Nurture of Intelligence and Specific Cognitive Abilities, Psychological Science, 2013, 24, 12.
Kanazawa S., IQ and the Wealth of States, Intelligence, 2006, 34, 6.
Lynn R., The Role of Nutrition in Secular Increases of Intelligence, Personality and Individual
Differences, 1990, 11, 3.
Lynn R., Race Differences in Intelligence: An Evolutionary Analysis, Washington Summit Publishers, Augusta 2006.
Lynn R., Vanhanen T., IQ and Global Inequality, Washington Summit Publishers, Augusta
2006.
Lynn R., Meisenberg G., National IQs Calculated and Validated for 108 Nations, Intelligence,
2010, 38, 4.
Mani A., Mullainathan S., Shafir E., Zhao J., Poverty Impedes Cognitive Function, Science,
2013, 6149, 341.
Marks J., Is Science Racist? (Debating Race), Polity, Cambridge 2017.
Meisenberg G., Lynn R., Intelligence: A Measure of Human Capital in Nations, The Journal
of Social, Political and Economic Studies, 2011, 36, 4.
Moreale J., Levendis J., IQ and Economic Development: A Critique of Lynn and Vanhanen, Forum for Social Economics, 2014, 43, 1.
Nisbett R.E., Inteligencja, sposoby odziaływania na IQ. Dlaczego tak ważne są szkoła i kultura,
przekł. M. Szymczukiewicz, Wydawnictwo Smak Słowa, Sopot 2010.
Nisbett R.E, Aronson J., Blair C., Dickens W., Flynn J.L., Halpern D.F., Turkheimer E., Intelligence: New Findings and Theoretical Developments, American Psychologist, 2012, 67, 2.
Oppenheimer S., Pożegnanie z Afryką. Jak człowiek zaludnił świat, przekł. K. Masłowski,
Prószyński i Ska, Warszawa 2013.
Pietschnig J., Penke L., Wicherts J.M., Zeiler M., Voracek M., Meta-analysis of Associations
between Human Brain Volume and Intelligence Differences: How Strong Are They and What
Do They Mean? Neuroscience and Behavioral Reviews, 2015, 57.
Pietschnig J., Voracek M., One Century of Global IQ Gains: A Formal Meta-Analysis of the Flynn Effect (1909-2013), Perspectives on Psychology Science, 2015, 10, 3.
Rushton J.P., Race, Evolution and Human Behavior, 2nd edition, Transaction, New Brunswick
1997.
Rushton J.P., Jensen A.R., Thirty Years of Research on Race Differences in Cognitive Ability,
Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 2005, 11, 2.
Rushton J.P., Bons T.A., Vernon P.A., Cvorovic J., Genetic and Environmental Contributions
to Population Group Differences on the Raven’s Progressive Matrices Estimated from Twins
Reared Together and Apart, Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 2007, 274.
Rushton J.P., Jensen A.R., Race and IQ: A Theory-Based Review of the Research in Richard Nisbett’s Intelligence and How to Get It, The Open Psychology Journal, 2010, 3.
Rushton J.P., Jensen A.R., The Rise and Fall of the Flynn Effect as a Reason to Expect a Narrowing of the Black-White IQ Gap, Intelligence, 2010, 38, 2.
Sternberg R.J. Nokes C., Wenzler Geissler P., Prince R., Okatcha F., Bundy D.A., Grigorenko E.L., The Relationship between Academic and Practical Intelligence: A Case Study in
Kenya, Intelligence, 2001, 29, 5.
Sternberg J.S., Grigorenko E.L., Intelligence and Culture: How Culture Shapes What Intelligence
Means, and the Implications for a Science of Well-Being, Philosophical Transactions: Biological Sciences, 2004, 359, 1449.
te Nijenhuis J., van der Flier H., Is the Flynn Effect on g?: A Meta-analysis, Intelligence, 2013,
41, 6.
Wicherts J.M., Dolan C.V., Hessen D.J., Stereotype Threat and Group Differences in Test Performance: A Question of Measurement Invariance, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 2005, 85, 5.
Wicherts J.M., Johnson W., Group Differences in the Heritability of Items and Test Scores, Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 2009, 276.
Wicherts J.M., Borsboom, D., Dolan C.V., Evolution, Brain Size, and the National IQ of Peoples
around 3000 Years B.C, Personality and Individual Differences, 2010, 48, 2.