Unravelling the Southern Neighbourhood Dynamics of the European Research Area: Dynamics of the European Research Area: Tailored Positive External Differentiation and SegmentationTailored Positive External Differentiation and Segmentation
Journal cover , no. 26, year 2024
PDF (English)

Schlagworte

differentiated integration
external differentiation
segmentation
Framework Programmes
European Southern Neighbourhood

Zitationsvorschlag

Šime, Z. (2024). Unravelling the Southern Neighbourhood Dynamics of the European Research Area: Dynamics of the European Research Area: Tailored Positive External Differentiation and SegmentationTailored Positive External Differentiation and Segmentation. Studia Europaea Gnesnensia, 26(26), 85–107. https://doi.org/10.14746/seg.2024.26.4

Abstract


This article explains how the European Commission steers the incorporation of entities from specific geographic areas and specialising in specific thematic domains into international research-intense projects through detailed guidance elaborated in the documentation of open calls for project applications. This hoop-test guided process tracing study aims to better understand what factors come into play in the formation and facilitation of the engagement of the European Southern Neighbourhood-based entities in the European Research Area through projects funded by the European Union’s Framework Programmes. This category-driven, qualitatively-oriented text analysis is based on the coding of various policy-relevant geographic reference points to clarify the exact contextual background that played a decisive role in including entities from Morocco and Tunisia in project consortiums.

https://doi.org/10.14746/seg.2024.26.4
PDF (English)

Literaturhinweise

Acharya A. 2022, Before the ‘West’: Recovering the Forgotten Foundations of Global Order, Perspectives on Politics, 20 (1), pp. 265-270. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S1537592721003601

Arifon O. 2006, Diplomatie et Création de Sens, Semiotica, 159 (1/4), pp. 241-249. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/SEM.2006.031

Arvanitis R., Rodríguez-Clemente R., El-Zoheiry A.H. 2013, The policy framework of Euro-Med cooperation on research and innovation. Effects on research collaborations, [in:] C. Morini, R. Rodríguez-Clemente, R. Arvanitis, R. Chaabouni (eds.), Moving forward, in the EuroMediterranean Research and Innovation partnership. The experience of the MIRA project, Options Méditerranéennes: Série B. Etudes et Recherches, 71, Bari, pp. 19-41.

Asderaki F., Markozani E. 2019, European Migration Policy: Frontex, Differentiation and Brexit, [in:] S. Gänzle, B. Leruth, J. Trondal (eds.), Differentiated Integration and Disintegration in a Post-Brexit Era, London, pp. 91-109. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429026959-6

Auel K. 2021, Differentiated Integration – Views from Austria, Australian and New Zealand Journal of European Studies, 13 (3), pp. 9-23. DOI: https://doi.org/10.30722/anzjes.vol13.iss3.15737

Badulescu C. 2021, Differentiated Integration or Discriminatory Integration? Romania’s View on DI in the EU, Australian and New Zealand Journal of European Studies, 13 (3), pp. 57-69. DOI: https://doi.org/10.30722/anzjes.vol13.iss3.15740

Bátora J. 2021a, Dynamics of Differentiated Integration in EU Defence: Organizational Field Formation and Segmentation, European Foreign Affairs Review, 26, pp. 63-86. DOI: https://doi.org/10.54648/EERR2021027

Bátora J. 2021b, States, Interstitial Organizations and the Prospects for Liberal International Order, International Affairs, 97 (5), pp. 1433-1450. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/ia/iiab108

Bátora J., Fossum J.E. 2022, Differentiation and Segmentation, [in:] B. Leruth, S. Gänzle, J. Trondal (eds.), The Routledge Handbook of Differentiation in the European Union, London, pp. 132-48. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429054136-10

Beach D. 2018, Achieving Methodological Alignment When Combining QCA and Process Tracing in Practice, Sociological Methods and Research, 47 (1), pp. 64-99. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0049124117701475

Bengtsson B., Ruonavaara H. 2017, Comparative Process Tracing: Making Historical Comparison Structured and Focused, Philosophy of the Social Sciences, 47 (1), pp. 44-66. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0048393116658549

Bertolini E., Dawson M. 2021, Fundamental Rights as Constraints to and Triggers for Differentiated Integration, Swiss Political Science Review, 27 (3), pp. 637-53. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/spsr.12443

Bickerton C.J., Hodson, D., Puetter, U. 2015, The New Intergovernmentalism: European Integration in the Post-Maastricht Era, Journal of Common Market Studies, 53 (4), pp. 703-722. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jcms.12212

Blockmans S., Crosson D.M. 2019, Differentiated Integration within PESCO – Clusters and Convergence in EU Defence, CEPS Research Report 04, Brussels.

Blockmans S., Macchiarini Crosson D. 2021, PESCO: A Force for Positive Integration in EU Defence, European Foreign Affairs Review, 26, pp. 87-110. DOI: https://doi.org/10.54648/EERR2021028

Bradford A. 2012, The Brussels Effect, Northwestern University Law Review, 107 (1), pp. 1-68.

Bradford A. 2015, Exporting Standards: The Externalization of the EU’s Regulatory Power via Markets, International Review of Law and Economics, 42, pp. 158-173. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.irle.2014.09.004

Bradford A., Chilton A., Linos K., Weaver A. 2019, The Global Dominance of European Competition Law Over American Antitrust Law, Journal of Empirical Legal Studies, 16 (4), pp. 731-766. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jels.12239

Bučar M., Udovič B. 2021, Slovenia: A Case of a Small, Relatively New Member Country, Australian and New Zealand Journal of European Studies, 13 (3), pp. 70-83. DOI: https://doi.org/10.30722/anzjes.vol13.iss3.15742

Bures O., Bätz S. 2021, European Union and the Fight against Terrorism: A Differentiated Integration Theory Perspective, Asia Europe Journal, 19, pp. 75-104. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10308-020-00590-3

Canali S. 2019, European Union Diplomats: An Emerging Epistemic Community? College of Europe Policy Brief #8.19, Bruges.

della Cananea G. 2019, Differentiated Integration in Europe After Brexit: A Legal Analysis, European Papers: A Journal on Law and Integration, 4 (2), pp. 447-469. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3237402

Carmona F., Jongberg K., Trapouzanlis C. 2021, The European Neighbourhood Policy, Fact Sheets on the European Union, 5.5.4.

Cianciara A.K., Szymański A. 2020, Differentiated Integration: Towards a New Model of European Union-Turkey Relations? Turkish Studies, 21 (2), pp. 254-273. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14683849.2019.1618190

Colomina C. 2020, Rethinking Belonging: A Mediterranean Disaffection, Journal of the British Academy, 8 (s1), pp. 45-51. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5871/jba/008s1.045

Cross M.K.D. 2021, ‘United Space in Europe’? The European Space Agency and the EU Space Programme, European Foreign Affairs Review, 26, pp. 31-46. DOI: https://doi.org/10.54648/EERR2021025

Cunningham A., Williams P. 1993, De-Centring the ‘Big Picture’: ‘The Origins of Modern Science’ and the Modern Origins of Science, The British Journal for the History of Science, 26 (4), pp. 407-432. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007087400031447

Curtin D., Egeberg M. 2008, Tradition and Innovation: Europe’s Accumulated Executive Order, West European Politics, 31 (4), pp. 639-661. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/01402380801905868

Duttle T., Holzinger K., Malang T., Schäubli T., Schimmelfennig F., Winzen T. 2017, Opting out from European Union Legislation: The Differentiation of Secondary Law, Journal of European Public Policy, 24 (3), pp. 406-428. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13501763.2016.1149206

Egeberg M., Trondal J. 2016, Why Strong Coordination At One Level of Government Is Incompatible With Strong Coordination Across Levels (and How To Live With It): The Case of the European Union, Public Administration, 94 (3), pp. 579-592. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/padm.12236

European Commission, Directorate-General for Research and Innovation 2015, Seventh FP7: monitoring report 2013, Luxembourg.

Fernández-Zubieta A., Geuna A., Lawson C. 2015a, Mobility and Productivity of Research Scientists, [in:] A. Geuna (ed.), Global Mobility of Research Scientist: The Economics of Who Goes Where and Why, pp. 105-131. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-801396-0.00004-1

Fernández-Zubieta A., Geuna A., Lawson, C. 2015b, What Do We Know of the Mobility of Research Scientists and Impact on Scientific Production, [in:] A. Geuna (ed.), Global Mobility of Research Scientist: The Economics of Who Goes Where and Why, pp. 1-33. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-801396-0.00001-6

Fresco L.O., Martinuzzi A., Wiman A. 2015, Commitment and Coherence: Ex-Post-Evaluation of the 7th EU Framework Programme (2007-2013).

Fromage D., Fasone C. 2022, Differentiation and the European Commission, [in:] B. Leruth, S. Gänzle, J. Trondal (eds.), The Routledge Handbook of Differentiation in the European Union, London, pp. 216-230. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429054136-16

Fritsch S. 2014, Conceptualizing the Ambivalent Role of Technology in International Relations, [in:] M. Mayer, M. Carpes, R. Knoblich (eds.), The Global Politics of Science and Technology, 1: Concepts from International Relations and Other Disciplines, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp. 115-138. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-55007-2_6

Gaillard A.-M., Gaillard J. 2017, Retour au Maroc et circulation des chercheurs marocains : une contribution, [in:] J. Gaillard, H. Bouabid (eds.), La recherche scientifique au Maroc et son internationalisation. Sarrebruck, pp. 314-336.

Gänzle S. 2019, Differentiated (Dis)Integration in Europe and beyond. Historical and Comparative Perspectives, [in:] S. Gänzle, B. Leruth, J. Trondal (eds.), Differentiated Integration and Disintegration in a Post-Brexit Era, London, pp. 202-218. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429026959-12

Gänzle S., Leruth B., Trondal J. 2020, Conclusion. Whither Differentiated (Dis)Integration in a ‘Post-Brexit Era’? [in:] S. Gänzle, B. Leruth, J. Trondal (eds.), Differentiated Integration and Disintegration in a Post-Brexit Era, London, pp. 237-248. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429026959-14

Gänzle S., Wunderlich J.U. 2022, Differentiated (Dis)Integration Beyond Europe, [in:] S. Gänzle, B. Leruth, J. Trondal (eds.), The Routledge Handbook of Differentiation in the European Union, London, pp. 50-65 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429054136-5

Gengnagel V., Zimmermann K., Büttner S.M. 2022, ‘Closer to the Market’: EU Research Governance and Symbolic Power, Journal of Common Market Studies, 60(6), pp. 1-19. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jcms.13326

Genschel P., Jachtenfuchs M. 2015, More Integration, Less Federation: The European Integration of Core State Powers, Journal of European Public Policy, 23 (1), pp. 1-18. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13501763.2015.1055782

Góra M. 2021, It’s Security Stupid! Politicisation of the EU’s Relations with Its Neighbours, European Security, 30 (3), pp. 439-463. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09662839.2021.1957841

Góra M., Zubek M. 2021, Stuck in ENP Purgatory? An Assessment of the EU’s External Legitimacy Mechanisms, EU3D Research Papers, 12. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3887428

Hallonsten O. 2014, The Politics of European Collaboration in Big Science, [in:] M. Mayer, M. Carpes, R. Knoblich (eds.), The Global Politics of Science and Technology, 2: Perspectives, Cases and Methods, 2. Berlin, Heidelberg, pp. 31-46.

Hanada E. 2021, Differentiated Integration: The Case of the European Banking Union, Australian and New Zealand Journal of European Studies, 13 (3), pp. 84-98. DOI: https://doi.org/10.30722/anzjes.vol13.iss3.15743

Hantrais L. 2021, Social Perspectives on Brexit, COVID-19 and European (Dis)Integration, Journal of Common Market Studies, 59 (S1), pp. 69-80. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jcms.13218

Heinikoski S. 2021, Discourses on Differentiated Integration in Finland – Controversy over the Prüm Convention, Credit-Claiming for Pesco, Australian and New Zealand Journal of European Studies, 13 (3), pp. 24-38. DOI: https://doi.org/10.30722/anzjes.vol13.iss3.15738

Henökl T. 2022, Differentiated Integration in European External Action Service, [in:] B. Leruth, S. Gänzle, J. Trondal (eds.), The Routledge Handbook of Differentiation in the European Union, London, pp. 355-369. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429054136-25

Holzinger K., Tosun, J. 2019, Why Differentiated Integration Is Such a Common Practice in Europe: A Rational Explanation, Journal of Theoretical Politics, 31 (4), pp. 642-659. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0951629819875522

Jaeger T. 2002, Enhanced Cooperation in the Treaty of Nice and Flexibility in the Common Foreign and Security Policy, European Foreign Affairs Review, 7 (3), pp. 297-316. DOI: https://doi.org/10.54648/5101838

Jasanoff S. 2014, Biotechnology and Empire: The Global Power of Seeds and Science, [in:] M. Mayer, M. Carpes, R. Knoblich (eds.), The Global Politics of Science and Technology, 1: Concepts from International Relations and Other Disciplines, Berlin-Heidelberg, pp. 201-225. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-55007-2_10

Jongberg K., Trapouzanlis, C. 2021, Southern Partners, Fact Sheets on the European Union 5.5.7.

Kelemen R.D. 2021, Epilogue: A Note of Caution on Differentiated Integration, Swiss Political Science Review, 27 (3), pp. 672-681. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/spsr.12475

Koenig N. 2015, A Differentiated View of Differentiated Integration, Policy Paper 140, Berlin.

Kovář J., Kočí, K. 2022, Informal Differentiated Integration in EU Foreign and Security Policy: Perspectives of a Small Member State, EUIDEA Policy Brief 5.

Kröger S., Lorimer, M., Bellamy, R. 2021, The Democratic Dilemmas of Differentiated Integration: The Views of Political Party Actors, Swiss Political Science Review, 27 (3), pp. 563-581. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/spsr.12449

Lannon E. 2019, The ‘Renovated’ European Neighbourhood Policy and the New European External Investment Plan for Africa and the EU Neighbourhood, [in:] S. Florensa (ed.), IEMed Yearbook 2018, pp. 108-113, Barcelona.

Leruth B., Trondal, J., Gänzle, S. 2020, Party Positions on Differentiated European Integration in the Nordic Countries: Growing Together, Growing Apart?, Politics and Governance, 8 (4), pp. 89-99. DOI: https://doi.org/10.17645/pag.v8i4.3353

Lord C. 2021, Autonomy or Domination? Two Faces of Differentiated Integration, Swiss Political Science Review, 27 (3), pp. 546-562. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/spsr.12472

Matthijs M., Parsons C., Toenshoff C. 2019, Ever Tighter Union? Brexit, Grexit, and Frustrated Differentiation in the Single Market and Eurozone, Comparative European Politics, 17 (2), pp. 209-230 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/s41295-019-00165-6

Mayer M., Carpes M., Knoblich R. 2014, The Global Politics of Science and Technology: An Introduction, [in:] M. Mayer, M. Carpes, R. Knoblich (eds.), The Global Politics of Science and Technology, 1: Concepts from International Relations and Other Disciplines, Berlin-Heidelberg, pp. 1-35. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-55007-2_1

Mays C. 2021, Going up: Riding the Risk Escalator with Ortwin, Journal of Risk Research, 24 (1), pp. 47-61. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13669877.2020.1738531

Merlo S., Fasone C. 2021, Differentiated Fiscal Surveillance and the Democratic Promise of Independent Fiscal Institutions in the Economic and Monetary Union, Swiss Political Science Review, 27 (3), pp. 582-600. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/spsr.12456

Moumoutzis K., Zartaloudis S. 2016, Europeanization Mechanisms and Process Tracing: A Template for Empirical Research, Journal of Common Market Studies, 54 (2), pp. 337-352. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jcms.12294

Patberg M. 2021, The Democratic Ambivalence of EU Disintegration: A Mapping of Costs and Benefits, Swiss Political Science Review, 27 (3), pp. 601-618. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/spsr.12455

Phinnemore D. 2020, Northern Ireland : A ‘Place Between’ in UK – EU Relations?, European Foreign Affairs Review, 25 (4), pp. 631-650. DOI: https://doi.org/10.54648/EERR2020042

Pirozzi N., Bonomi M. 2021, The Impact of Differentiation on EU Governance: Effectiveness, Sustainability and Accountability, EUIDEA Research Paper 12.

Punton M., Welle K. 2015, Applying Process Tracing in Five Steps, Centre for Development Impact Practice Paper 10 Annex, pp. 1-8.

Rabinovych M., Pintsch A. 2022, EU External Differentiated Integration and Compliance, [in:] B. Leruth, S. Gänzle, J. Trondal (eds.), The Routledge Handbook of Differentiation in the European Union, London, pp. 99-115. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429054136-8

van der Ree G. 2013, The Politics of Scientific Representation in International Relations, Millennium: Journal of International Studies, 42 (1), pp. 24-44. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0305829813503512

Riddervold M., Bosilca R.L. 2021, Crisis and Differentiation in the CFSP: Leaders, Laggards and Critical Junctures, European Foreign Affairs Review, 26 (3), pp. 47-62. DOI: https://doi.org/10.54648/EERR2021026

Rieker P. 2021, Differentiated Integration and Europe’s Global Role: A Conceptual Framework, European Foreign Affairs Review, 26 (3), pp. 1-14. DOI: https://doi.org/10.54648/EERR2021023

Ruud C. 2018, Materializing Circulation: A Gigantic Skeleton and a Danish Eighteen-Century Naturalist, [in:] J. Östling, E. Sandmo, D. Larsson Heidenblad, A. Nilsson Hammar, K. Nordberg (eds.), Circulation of Knowledge: Explorations in the History of Knowledge, Lund, pp. 197-218.

Schimmelfennig F., Winzen T. 2020, Ever Looser Union? Differentiated European Integration, Oxford. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198854333.001.0001

Schmidt V.A. 2019, The Future of Differentiated Integration: A ‘Soft-Core,’ Multi-Clustered Europe of Overlapping Policy Communities, Comparative European Politics, 17 (2), pp. 294-315. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/s41295-019-00164-7

Scicluna N. 2021, Wilful Non-Compliance and the Threat of Disintegration in the EU’s Legal Order, Swiss Political Science Review, 27 (3), pp. 654-671. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/spsr.12471

da Silva F.F. 2021, Differentiated Integration in Portugal: Saliency and Government Positions, Australian and New Zealand Journal of European Studies, 13 (3), pp. 39-56. DOI: https://doi.org/10.30722/anzjes.vol13.iss3.15739

Šime Z. 2021, European Union Science Diplomacy in the Southern Neighbourhood: Mapping the Field and Plurality of Resilience-Builders, EU Diplomacy Paper, 8, Bruges.

Šime Z. 2023a, Morocco and Tunisia on the Shores of Mare Nostrum: Positive Differentiation Across the Mediterranean and Segmentation in the European Union Research Policy, Studia Europejskie – Studies in European Affairs, 27 (3), pp. 179-202. DOI: https://doi.org/10.33067/SE.3.2023.10

Šime Z. 2023b, The EU and Its Southern Neighborhood Policy: Resilience in the Era of Science Diplomacy, Nordicum-Mediterraneum, 18 (1), pp. 1-31. DOI: https://doi.org/10.33112/nm.18.1.4

Sitter N. 2021, Defending the State: Nationalism, Geopolitics and Differentiated Integration in Visegrád Four Security Policy, European Foreign Affairs Review, 26 (3), pp. 127-142. DOI: https://doi.org/10.54648/EERR2021030

Stephenson P. 2013, Twenty Years of Multi-Level Governance: ‘Where Does It Come From? What Is It? Where Is It Going?’, Journal of European Public Policy, 20 (6), pp. 817-837. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13501763.2013.781818

Svendsen Ø. 2021, The Politics of Competence in Global Health: The European Commission’s Global Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic, European Foreign Affairs Review, 26 (3), pp. 15-30. DOI: https://doi.org/10.54648/EERR2021024

te Lintelo D.J.H., Munslow, T., Pittore, H., Lakshman, R. 2020, Process Tracing the Policy Impact of ‘Indicators.’, European Journal of Development Research, 32, pp. 1312-1337. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/s41287-019-00244-0

Telle S., Brunazzo M., Doidge M. 2021, Editors’ Introduction to the Special Issue. The Member States and Differentiated Integration in the European Union, Australian and New Zealand Journal of European Studies, 13 (3), pp. 2-8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.30722/anzjes.vol13.iss3.15736

Trauner F., Carrapiço H. 2012, The External Dimension of EU Justice and Home Affairs after the Lisbon Treaty: Analysing the Dynamics of Expansion and Diversification, European Foreign Affairs Review, 17 (2), pp. 1-18. DOI: https://doi.org/10.54648/EERR2012011

Trein P., Thomann E., Maggetti, M. 2019, Integration, Functional Differentiation and Problem-Solving in Multilevel Governance, Public Administration, 97 (2), pp. 339-354. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/padm.12595

Trondal J. 2015, Det Europeiske Administrative Systemet – En Begrepsramme, Norsk Statsvitenskapelig Tidsskrift, 31 (1), pp. 29-49. DOI: https://doi.org/10.18261/ISSN1504-2936-2015-01-04

Trondal J., Jeppesen L. 2008, Images of Agency Governance in the European Union, West European Politics, 31 (3), pp. 417-441. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/01402380801939636

Turkina E., Kourtikakis K. 2015, Keeping up with the Neighbours: Diffusion of Norms and Practices Through Networks of Employer and Employee Organizations in the Eastern Partnership and the Mediterranean, Journal of Common Market Studies, 53 (5), pp. 1163-1185. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jcms.12243

Veugelers R., Van Bouwel L. 2015, Destinations of Mobile European Researchers, [in:] A. Geuna (ed.), Global Mobility of Research Scientist: The Economics of Who Goes Where and Why, pp. 215-237. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-801396-0.00008-9

Winzen T., Schimmelfennig F. 2016, Explaining Differentiation in European Union Treaties, European Union Politics, 17 (4), pp. 616-637. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1465116516640386

Wullweber J. 2014, International Competition and Nanotechnology Policies: Discourse, Hegemony, and International Political Economy, [in:] M. Mayer, M. Carpes, R. Knoblich (eds.), The Global Politics of Science and Technology, 1: Concepts from International Relations and Other Disciplines, Berlin-Heidelberg, pp. 75-90. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-55007-2_4