Resumen
In the past decade, the Israeli Army (IDF) has been undergoing simultane-ously two ‘social revolutions’: a ‘feminist revolution’ and a “religious revolution”. The two revolutions have different and conflicting ideologies causing a clash of values. Feminist values demand the integration of women in the army without gender separation, whereas religious principles require modesty and gender separation. At the moment, in practice, religious values which under-mine women’s equal opportunities in the army outweigh democratic values. If the secular women and men in Israeli society will not act to deprive the IDF of its unofficial and unauthorized role of balancing conflicting values in society, the status and roles of women in the army will be downgraded, directly im-pacting gender inequality in the employment market.
Citas
Brooke Y. 2012, The Great Challenge of Social Protest [online]. Haaretz [access: 2016-11-02]. Available at: <https://www.haaretz.co.il/1.1719058>.
Carmon T. 2016, Power Is Lacking for Women [online]. Davar [access: 2016-11-02]. Available at: <https://www.davar1.co.il/39117/>.
Cohen S.A., Orr-Yisrael B. 2001, The Societal Consequences of Military Service in Israel: A Reappraisal, Democratic culture 4/5, pp. 131-150.
Eran-Yonah M., Padan C. 2018, The Service of Women Combatants in the IDF – The Stalled revolution, Strategic Update, 20, 4, pp. 89-100.
Foucault M. 1971, L’ordre du discours, Paris.
Fuchs H. 2016, Gender Gaps in the Labor Market: wages and employment polarization, State of the Nation Report: Society, Economy and Policy 2016, Tel-Aviv, pp. 57-99.
Harel A., Shenrach A. 2003, Separation of the Sexes in Public Transport, Aley Mishpat, 3, pp. 98-71.
Helman S. 2001, Citizenship Regime, Identity and Peace Protest in Israel, [in:] M. Krumer-Nevo, M. Malka, S. Moredechayev (eds.), Military Service of Immigrant Soldiers from Kavkaz: An “Entry Ticket” to Israeli Society or a Reproduction of Ethno-Class Stratification? Israeli Sociology, 14, 2, pp. 313-338.
Herzog H. 2006, Between the Lawn and the Gravel Path – Women, Politics, and Civil Society, Democratic Culture 10, pp. 191-214.
Hosken F.P. 1981, Towards a Definition of Women’s Rights, Human Rights Quarterly, 3, 2, pp. 1-10.
Irshai R. 2018, Dignity, Honor and Equality in Contemporary Halachic Thinking: The Ca-se of Torah Reading by Women in Israeli Modern Orthodoxy, [in:] D. Schwarz, R. Irshai (eds.), A New Spirit in the Palace of Torah. Ramat-Gan, pp. 301-326.
Izraeli D.N. 1999, Gender in the Labor Market, [in:] eadem (ed.), Sex Gender Politics. Tel-Aviv, pp. 167-216.
Jerby I. 1996, The Double Price: The Status of the Woman in Israeli Society and the Se-rvice of Women in the IDF, Tel Aviv.
Knesset 2019 [online]. Knesset [access: 2016-11-02]. Available at: <https://m.knesset.gov.il/about/history/pages/womeninknesset.aspx>.
Krumer-Nevo M., Malka M., Moredechayev S. 2013, Military Service of Immigrant Sol-diers from Kavkaz: An ‘Entry Ticket’ to Israeli Society or a Reproduction of Ethno-Class Stratification? Israeli Sociology 14, 2, pp. 313-338.
Levy Y. 2003, The Other Army of Israel: Materialist Militarism in Israel, Israeli Sociology 14,2, pp. 313-338.
Levy Y. 2008, The Law of Apprehensive Integration: A Proposal for a Multi-Dimensional Analysis of the Religious-Women Conflict in the IDF, The Public Space, 2, pp. 132-159.
Levy Y. 2012, Why Did the Exclusion of Women in the Army Develop? [online]. Haaretz [access: 2012-01-02]. Available at: <https://www.idi.org.il/articles/8554>.
Levy Y. 2018, How Eizenkot Institutionalized Religionization in the IDF [online]. Haaretz [access: 2018-01-17]. Available at: <https://www.haaretz.co.il/magazine/the-edge/.premium-1.5743689>.
Naveh B., Shor Y. 2001, Women in the IDF, [in:] U. Dromi (ed.), Women in the Israel De-fense Forces, Jerusalem.
Orpaz I. 2015, ‘It Doesn’t Pay for Women to Work in High-Tech in Israel’: The Amazing Wage Gaps of the Start-Up Nation [online]. The Marker [access: 2015-06-18]. Avai-lable at: <https://www.themarker.com/magazine/1.2662795>.
Pinto M. 2013, The Essence of Essential Equality Following the Prozanski affair. Law and Business 16, pp. 109-150.
Rozen Y. 2017, Annual Benchmark Research – Recruitment of Workers in Israel. IKT and HRD Training for Recruitment Ltd., Tel Aviv.
Sasson-Levi O., Amram-Katz S. 2007, Gender Integration in Israeli Officer Training: De-gendering and Regendering the Military, Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society 33,1, pp. 105-135.
Sasson-Levi O. 2013, Between Exclusion and Separation: Women in the Military Sphere, [in:] R. Halperin (ed.), Where I am: Gender Perspectives on Space, Kfar Saba, pp. 111-141.
Shafran-Gittleman I. 2018, Women’s Service in the IDF: Between the People’s Army and Gender Equality [online]. IDI [access: 2018-04-16]. Available at: <https://www.idi.org.il/parliaments/22242/22247>.
Spiegel U. 2007, Ultra-Orthodox, ‘The People’ and ‘The People’s Army’: The Discourse about ‘recruiting ultra-Orthodox to the army’ as an Expression of the Struggle for the Preservation of Collective Identity in Israel, Politika 16, pp. 67-91.
Statman D. 2001, Two Concepts of Dignity, Tel-Aviv University Law Review 24, 3, pp. 603-541.
Wilmovsky I., Tamir T. 2013, Women in Israel – Between Theory and Reality: Trends, Changes, and Data, Jerusalem.
Yefet K.C., Almog S. 2016, Religionization, Exclusion, and the Military: Zero in Gender Relations, Studies of Law 39, pp. 243-316.