Abstract
The article is devoted to the research of socialist realism canon in Ukrainian literature. This canon is considered an artificially modeled power project in the sphere of culture and literature which aimed at creating a monostylistic system with clearly defined rules and recommended schemes, especially including thought-out characters understandable for the mass Soviet reader in order to monopolize power at all levels and to establish a new Soviet identity (“homo sovieticusˮ). The socialist realism canon is a complex and heterogeneous phenomenon. It imposed patterns for analysing and reflecting on reality in art and culture. From the 1930s, any texts following the authorities’ regulations acquired a typical structure, predictable and recognizable features that turned literature into a mass-produced uniform “artistic” product. The task of such a governmental experiment was both to transform the world, and to change the way reality was perceived. The aesthetized falsification of existence, the clear domination of everything “ideological” and “totalitarian” in the field of culture, shaping the socialist realistic theory as a process of politicizing artistic consciousness - these are the blocks that determined the formation and functioning of the socialist realism canon of Ukrainian literature. The publication reflects a new vision of the problem of the literary representation of the Soviet Pantheon of Heroes in the socialist realism texts, in particular novels by Natan Rybak, Yurii Zbanatskyi, Oles Honchar, Andrii Malyshko, Natalia Zabila etc. Basically, the idea is that in order to build a bright future the Soviet system needed a new man, so all the forces were thrown into the “new
anthropological typeˮ. The article deals with the modeling role of the hero-warrior in the socialist realism text. This image was established in the mass consciousness by means of propaganda and agitation.
References
Bodriiar Zh., Symvolichnyi obmin i smert [A Symbolic Exchange and Death], Lviv: Kalvariia, 2004.
Borev Yu., Sotsialisticheskij realizm: vzglyad sovremennika i sovremennyj vzglyad [Socialistic Realism: a Modern Man’s Opinion and the Modern Opinion], Moskva: АST, 2008.
Zakharchuk I., Viina i slovo: militarna paradyhma literatury sotsialistychnoho realizmu [A War and a Word: a Military Paradigm in Literature of Socialist Realism Time], Lutsk: Tverdynia, 2008.
Istoriia ukrainskoi literatury [The History of Ukrainian Literature]: u 2 t. Kyiv: Vyd-vo AN URSR, 1957, t. 2, Radianska literatura.
Klark K., Sovetskij roman: istoriya kak ritual [The Soviet Novel: History as a Rite], Ekaterinburg: Izd-vo Uralskogo un-ta, 2002.
Lakhuzen T., Novyj chelovek, novaya zhenshhina i pozitivnyj geroj, ili K semiotike pola v literaturesotsialisticheskogo realizma [A New Man, a New Woman and a Positive Hero or Towards Gender Semiotics in Literature of Socialist Realism Time], [v:] Voprosy literatury. 1992, № 1, s 184–205.
Lebedeva E.G., Sovetskaya kultura: ideologiya i mifologiya [Soviet Culture: Ideology and Mythology], [v:] Trudy Russkoj antropologicheskoj shkoly, Moskva: RGGU, 2012, vyp. 11, s. 283–292.
Lichnost v XX stoletii: analiz burzhuaznykh teorij [A Personality of the XX Century: a Research on Bourgeois Theories], otv. red. M. B. Mitin, Moskva: Mysl, 1979.
Lunacharskij А.V., Iskusstvo kak vid chelovecheskogo povedeniya [Art as an Expression of Human Behaviour], Moskva-Leningravd: Gos. med. izd-vo, 1931.
Pro perebudovu literaturno-khudozhnikh orhanizatsii [About a Redevelopment of Literature and Artistic Institutions]: postanova Politbiuro TsK VKP (b) vid 23 kvitnia 1932 r., [v:] Elektronnyi resurs: http://www.hist.msu.ru/ER/Etext/USSR/1932.htm (13.10.2014).
Riker P., Ideolohiia ta utopiia [Ideology and Utopia], Kyiv: Dukh i litera, 2005.
Sovetskoe bagatstvo: stati o kulture, literature i kino [Soviet Cornucopia: Articles about Culture, Literature and Cinema], red. M. R. Balina, Sankt-Peterbur: Аkademicheskij proekt, 2002.
Sotsrealisticheskij kanon [A Canon of Socialistic Realism], pod obshh, red. Kh. Gyuntera, E. Dobrenko, Sankt-Peterburg: Аkademicheskij proek, 2000.
Kharkhun V., Sotsrealistychnyi kanon v ukrainskii literaturi: heneza, rozvytok, modyfikatsii [A Socrealistic Canon in Ukrainian Literature: Beginning, Development, Modifications], Nizhyn: TOV „Hidromaks”, 2009.
Socrealizm: fabuły — komunikaty — ikony [Socialistic Realism: Plots — Messages — Icons], red. Krzysztof Stępnik, Magdalena Piechota, Lublin: Wyd-wo Uniwersytetu Marii CurieSkłodowskiej, 2006.
Studia Sovietica: zbirnyk, vidp. red. V. P. Kharkhun, Kyiv: In-t lit-ry im. T. H. Shevchenka NAN Ukrainy, 2010, vyp. 1: Ideolohichni ta estetychni stratehii sotsrealizmu.
Studia Sovietica: zbirnyk, vidp. red. V. P. Kharkhun, Kyiv: In-t lit-ry im. T. H. Shevchenka NAN Ukrainy, Nizhyn: Vydavets PP Lysenko M. M., 2011, vyp. 2: Semiosfera radianskoi kultury: znaky i znachennia.
Studia Sovietica: zbirnyk, vidp. red. V. P. Kharkhun, Kyiv: In-t lit-ry im. T. H. Shevchenka NAN Ukrainy, Nizhyn: Vydavets PP Lysenko M. M., 2014, vyp. 3: Khronolohiia radianskoi kultury: konstanty y transformatsii.
License
- The Author hereby warrants that he/she is the owner of all the copyright and other intellectual property rights in the Work and that, within the scope of the present Agreement, the paper does not infringe the legal rights of another person.The owner of the copyright work also warrants that he/she is the sole and original creator thereof and that is not bound by any legal constraints in regard to the use or sale of the work.
- The Author grants the Purchaser non-exclusive and free of charge license to unlimited use worldwide over an unspecified period of time in the following areas of exploitation:
2.1. production of multiple copies of the Work produced according to the specific application of a given technology, including printing, reproduction of graphics through mechanical or electrical means (reprography) and digital technology;
2.2. marketing authorisation, loan or lease of the original or copies thereof;
2.3. public performance, public performance in the broadcast, video screening, media enhancements as well as broadcasting and rebroadcasting, made available to the public in such a way that members of the public may access the Work from a place and at a time individually chosen by them;
2.4. inclusion of the Work into a collective work (i.e. with a number of contributions);
2.5. inclusion of the Work in the electronic version to be offered on an electronic platform, or any other conceivable introduction of the Work in its electronic version to the Internet;
2.6. dissemination of electronic versions of the Work in its electronic version online, in a collective work or independently;
2.7. making the Work in the electronic version available to the public in such a way that members of the public may access the Work from a place and at a time individually chosen by them, in particular by making it accessible via the Internet, Intranet, Extranet;
2.8. making the Work available according to appropriate license pattern Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0) as well as another language version of this license or any later version published by Creative Commons. - The Author grants the Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan permission to:
3.1. reproduce a single copy (print or download) and royalty-free use and disposal of rights to compilations of the Work and these compilations.
3.2. send metadata files related to the Work, including to commercial and non-commercial journal-indexing databases. - The Author declares that, on the basis of the license granted in the present Agreement, the Purchaser is entitled and obliged to allow third parties to obtain further licenses (sublicenses) to the Work and to other materials, including derivatives thereof or compilations made based on or including the Work, whereas the provisions of such sub-licenses will be the same as with the attributed license pattern Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0)or another language version of this license, or any later version of this license published by Creative Commons. Thereby, the Author entitles all interested parties to use the work, for non-commercial purposes only, under the following conditions:
4.1. acknowledgment of authorship, i.e. observing the obligation to provide, along with the distributed work, information about the author, title, source (link to the original Work, DOI) and of the license itself.
4.2. the derivatives of the Work are subject to the same conditions, i.e. they may be published only based on a licence which would be identical to the one granting access to the original Work. - The University of Adam Mickiewicz in Poznań is obliged to
5.1. make the Work available to the public in such a way that members of the public may access the Work from a place and at a time individually chosen by them, without any technological constraints;
5.2. appropriately inform members of the public to whom the Work is to be made available about sublicenses in such a way as to ensure that all parties are properly informed (appropriate informing messages).
Other provisions
- The University of Adam Mickiewicz in Poznań hereby preserves the copyright to the journal as a whole (layout/stylesheet, graphics, cover design, logo etc.)